Communication and Language Development

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

Our agreed-upon system of spoken, written, or signed words, & the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

• Info moving form mind to mind, hear or see

Question 2

Phoneme

Answer 2

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

• th, a, t

Question 3

Morpheme

Answer 3

In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

• Prefix

Question 4

Grammar

Answer 4

In language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with & understand others

• Semantics & Syntax

Question 5

Universal Grammar (UG)

Answer 5

Human’s innate predisposition to understand the principles & rules that govern grammar in all languages.

• Linguist Noam Chomsky

Question 6

Receptive Language

Answer 6

The ability to understand and process language (spoken or written)

Question 7

Productive Language

Answer 7

Ability to produce words

Question 8

Babbling stage

Answer 8

State of speech development beginning around 4 months

An infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language
- NO LANGUAGE

• 10 months = a trained hear can identify the household language
  
  • Deaf households = signing

Question 9

One-word stage

Answer 9

Stage of speech development from ages 1 to 2

A child speaks mostly in single words

• 18 months = 1 word a week to 1 word a day

Question 10

Two-word stage

Answer 10

Stage of speech development around age 2

Child speaks mostly in two-word sentences

Question 11

Telegraphic speech

Answer 11

The early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car” - using mostly nouns & verbs.

• Beings uttering longer phrases
• Early elementary school = understand complex sentences & begin to enjoy the humor conveyed by double meanings.
  
  • Babies can also communicate through gestures.

Question 12

Critical periods

Answer 12

• Later learning follows same pattern but is just faster
• It is critical to learn earlier, after 7 learning a language becomes harder
• Environment affects speech quality
• Reading is helpful to language exposure
• When learning a new language older, often will have our native accents in it.

Question 13

Deafness & Language Development

Answer 13

• Same process as hearing kids, younger the better
• Producing & comprehending fluently better as taught younger
• Early life exposure
• Social & school suffering because it is harder to communicate with peers through signing
  
  • Academic is rooted in spoken language
• Adults who lose hearing have a hard time adjusting to the change which effects their learning/communication.

Question 14

Aphasia

Answer 14

Impairment of language, usually caused by lefts hemisphere damage either to Broca area or to Wernicke area.

Question 15

Broca’s Area

Answer 15

A frontal lobe brain Area, left hemisphere

Helps contrp; language expression by directing muscle movements invloved in speech

Damage = impaired speech

Question 16

Wernickes area

Answer 16

In the brain, left temporal lobe

Involved in language comprehension & expression

Damage = impaired understanding

Question 17

Linguistic determination

Answer 17

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Question 18

Linguistic relativism

Answer 18

The idea that language influences the way we think.

Question 19

Thinking in Images

Answer 19

Ex.
- Ballet
- Watching activity will activate brain’s internal simulation of it
- Imagining a Physical experience = activating those neural networks

• Acedemic benefits of mental rehearsal
• It’s better to imagine how to reach your goal than merely to fantasize your desired destination.