AP Psy: Unit 0

Question 1

Critical Thinking

Answer 1

Examines assumptions, appraises the source, disconcerns hidden bias, evaluates evidence, & access conclusions

• Leads to different ways of thinking

Question 2

Scientific attitude

Answer 2

1. Curiosity: does it work?
2. Skepticism: shifting reality from fantasy requires a healthy skepticism, an attitude that is not cynical (doubting everything) but not gullible
3. Humility: exploring farther
   - Ideas and beliefs are proven farther so must keep researching

Question 3

Hindsight bias

Answer 3

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have for seen it.

Question 4

Overconfidence

Answer 4

Being more confident than correct
- Quick rather than correct thinking

Question 5

Perceiving Order in Random Events

Answer 5

Tendencies, along with our eagerness to perceive patterns in random Events lead us to overestimate the importance of common sense thinking.

Question 6

Scientific Method

Answer 6

Self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation & analysis

Question 7

Peer Reviewers

Answer 7

Scientific experts who evaluate a research articles theory, originality, and accuracy.

Question 8

Theory

Answer 8

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes aberrations and predicts behaviors or events

Question 9

Hypothesis

Answer 9

A testable prediction often implied by a theory

Question 10

Falsible

Answer 10

The possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disprove by observation or experiment

Question 11

Operational Definition

Answer 11

A careful worded statement of exact procedure (operations) used in a research study, has to be MEASURABLE

Question 12

Replication

Answer 12

Repeating the essence of a research study, with different participants, in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

Question 13

Non experimental methods

Answer 13

Case studies, naturalistic observations, survey, correlation study

Question 14

Case Study

Answer 14

A non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Question 15

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 15

A non-experimental technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situations.

• Ex. Jane Goodall with chimpanzee behavior

Question 16

The Survey

Answer 16

A non-experimental technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Question 17

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 17

Bias from people’s responding in ways they presume a researcher wishes or expects

Question 18

Self-report bias

Answer 18

Bias when people report their behavior inaccuralty

Question 19

Random sample

Answer 19

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 20

Population

Answer 20

All those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn

Question 21

Correlation research

Answer 21

(non- experimental)

Describes the relationship between 2 or more variables

Question 22

Experiments

Answer 22

Attempt to establish a cause-effect connection

Question 23

Correlation

Answer 23

A measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together & thus of how ell either factor predicts the other

Question 24

Correlation coeeffient

Answer 24

A start index of the relationship between 2 variables (from -1.00 to + 1.00)

Question 25

Variable

Answer 25

Anything that can vary & is feasible & ethical to measure

Question 26

Scaterpolt

Answer 26

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables, the slope of points suggest the direction of the relationship between 2 variables. Amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

Question 27

Illusory Correlation

Answer 27

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a strong than actual relationship

Question 28

Regression toward the mean

Answer 28

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events or fall back (regress) toward the average

Question 29

Experiment

Answer 29

A researcher method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (IV) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (DV). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

Question 30

Experimental group

Answer 30

The group of participants in a study that is exposed to the independent variable or the treatment being tested.

Question 31

Control group

Answer 31

The group of participants in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment or intervention being tested.

Question 32

Random assignment

Answer 32

The technique of placing participants into either the experimental group or the control group of a study randomly, so that every participant has an equal chance of being in any group.

Question 33

Single-blind procedure

Answer 33

The participants are unaware of which treatment group they are in (experimental or control, including placebo), but the researchers know the group assignments.

Question 34

Double-blind procedure

Answer 34

Neither the participants nor the researchers know which experimental group (treatment or placebo) each individual belongs to.

Question 35

Placebo Effect

Answer 35

The phenomenon where a person experiences a genuine improvement in their condition or symptoms after receiving an inert or inactive treatment, simply because they believe the treatment is real and will be effective.

Question 36

Independent variable

Answer 36

The factor that is manipulated, the variable whose effect is being studied.

Question 37

Confounding vaible

Answer 37

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a studies results

Question 38

Experimenter bias

Answer 38

Bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own bias. - Ex. German horse

Question 39

Dependent variable

Answer 39

The outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the IV is manipulated.

Question 40

Validity

Answer 40

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Question 41

Quantitative research

Answer 41

A research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

Question 42

Qualitative research

Answer 42

A research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

Question 43

Informed consent

Answer 43

Gives potential participants enough info about ta study to enable them to choose whether they with to participate

Question 44

Debriefing

Answer 44

The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose & any deceptions, to its participants.

Question 45

Descriptive stats

Answer 45

Numerical data used to measure & describe characteristics of groups; include measure of central tendency & measures of variation

Question 46

Skewed distrabution

Answer 46

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Question 47

Mode

Answer 47

The most frequently occurring score

Question 48

Mean

Answer 48

The arithmetic average of a distribution; half the scores are above & half below it

Question 49

Standard deviation

Answer 49

A completed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Question 50

Inferential stas

Answer 50

Numerical data that allowed to general - To infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

Question 51

Effects size

Answer 51

Group effect by results

Question 52

Statistical significance

Answer 52

A statistical statement of how likely it is that result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied.

Question 53

Meta-analyais

Answer 53

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach and overall conclusion.