approaches part TWO!!

Question 1

what are the 3 levels of consciousness

Answer 1

conscious, preconscious and unconscious

Question 2

describe conscious personality structure

Answer 2

thoughts and feelings were aware of

Question 3

describe preconscious personality structure

Answer 3

thoughts and memories that aren’t currently conscious but can be accessed easily

Question 4

describe unconscious personality structure

Answer 4

hidden thoughts, desires and memories, often disturbing or socially unacceptable. drives behaviour.

Question 5

what is the ID and what is it known as and when is it present.

Answer 5

the id is the impulsive part of the personality
known as the pleasure principle
present at birth

Question 6

what is the ego and what is it known as.

Answer 6

the ego meditates between irrational demands of the ID and the real world.
it is known as the reality principle.

Question 7

what is the superego and what is it known as.

Answer 7

the superego focuses on morals of society and is known as the morality principle. it controls the ID demands through conscience and ideal self.

Question 8

the psychosexual stages in order.

Answer 8

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 9

describe oral stage, include age, pleasure centre, possible cause of fixation and possible traits seen as result of fixation.

Answer 9

• 0-1
• mouth
• deprivation of love or food, early weaning
• biting nails, smoking, sarcasm

Question 10

describe anal stage, include age, pleasure centre, possible cause of fixation and possible traits seen as result of fixation.

Answer 10

• 1-3
• anus
• harsh toilet training, laid back toilet training
• obsessiveness, tidiness, meaness

Question 11

describe phallic stage, include age, pleasure centre, possible cause of fixation and possible traits seen as result of fixation.

Answer 11

• 3-6
• genital area
• very dominant mother, no father figure
• sexual anxiety, envy, self obsession

Question 12

describe latency stage, include age, pleasure centre, possible cause of fixation and possible traits seen as result of fixation.

Answer 12

• 6-puberty
• repressed
• sexual desire is repressed - no fixation

Question 13

describe genital stage, include age, pleasure centre, possible cause of fixation and possible traits seen as result of fixation.

Answer 13

• puberty to adulthood
• genitals
• previous unresolved conflict
• relationship difficulties or no relationship desire

Question 14

what does the psychodynamic approach assume

Answer 14

the driving force behind our behaviour is the unconscious mind

Question 15

what are defence mechanisms

Answer 15

methods we use to unconsciously reduce anxiety

Question 16

what is repression and what is the effect on behaviour

Answer 16

• unpleasant memory pushed into the unconscious mind and cannot cause anxiety
• no recall of the situation

Question 17

what is denial and what is the effect on behaviour

Answer 17

• refusal to accept the reality of an unpleasant situation
• thinks the situation is not negative and that it shouldn’t cause anxiety

Question 18

what is displacement and what is the effect on behaviour

Answer 18

• focus of a strong emotion is expressed onto a neutral person or object. reduces anxiety by allowing expression of that emotion
• someone might exhibit strong emotion but focus it onto an uninvolved person or object

Question 19

strengths of psychodynamic approach

Answer 19

P: real-world application.
E: The approach led to the development of psychoanalysis.
E: This has helped patients with mild neuroses, showing that the theory has practical relevance and can be used to improve people’s lives.
L: This increases the external validity of the approach

Question 20

limitations of psychodynamic approach

Answer 20

P: hard to test scientifically
E: is not open to hypothesis testing as the ideas are imprecise
L: described as unproven

P: lacks population validity
E: only focuses on male development
E: unclear on girls development e.g. phallic stage
L: gender bias means cannot generalise to the population

Question 21

Outline a psychodynamic explanation for the development of the superego.

Answer 21

it develops during the phallic stage. the child revolves the Electra complex by identifying with the same sex parent and internalising their moral values

Question 22

what does the humanistic approach focus on

Answer 22

the whole person, takes into account the feelings of an individual and treats every person as unique.

Question 23

what is behaviour caused by according to the humanistic approach

Answer 23

caused by subjective feelings

Question 24

evidence for the relationship between self actualisation and psychological health

Answer 24

Sheffield et al has shown positive correlation between an individuals self actualisation and their psychological health.

Question 25

self actualisation in order

Answer 25

physiological, safety, love/belonging, self- esteem, self-actualisation

Question 26

who were the two main figured associated with the development of Humanistic Psychology

Answer 26

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 27

what is self concept and how is it relevant to behaviour

Answer 27

how we think about ourselves and it makes us want to be better

Question 28

what role does free will play in Humanistic Psychology

Answer 28

it determines our own choices

Question 29

traits of someone whose achieved self actualisation

Answer 29

strong sense of awareness, fully accepting view of themselves and others for who they are. ability to deal with uncertainty and the unknown. and very creative

Question 30

strengths of Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 30

One strength of the theory is its intuitive appeal; it aligns well with common human experiences and has influenced many fields, including education and workplace management

Question 31

weakness of Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 31

cultural bias, as the emphasis on self-actualization reflects Western individualistic values and may not apply universally

Question 32

Referring to two assumptions of the humanistic approach, explain why humanistic psychologists have rejected the scientific method.

Answer 32

humans have free will and the scientific method often involves controlled experiments that isolate variables, it does not reflect the complexity of human experience, so humanists reject it. every individual is unique and should be studied as a whole person (holism). The scientific method tends to break behaviour into parts (reductionism), which humanistic psychologists believe fails to capture the richness of human consciousness.

Question 33

Outline what is meant by ‘congruence’.

Answer 33

Congruence refers to the alignment between a person’s self-concept (how they see themselves) and their ideal self (how they would like to be). When there is high congruence, the person is more likely to experience a healthy sense of well-being.

Question 34

AO1 of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 34

explains behaviour in terms of unconscious processes formed in early childhood. It emphasizes the role of instinctual drives, internal conflict and the structure of personality.

Question 35

one key assumption of the psychodynamic approach (1)

Answer 35

existence of the unconscious mind. unconscious conflicts often arise from repressed childhood experiences, particularly those involving sexuality and aggression. (also mention structure of personalities)

Question 36

strength of psychodynamic approach (1)

Answer 36

emphasis on the importance of childhood experiences influenced modern psychology and is supported by evidence showing that early experiences can have long-lasting effects on emotional development.

Question 37

strength of psychodynamic approach (2)

Answer 37

application to therapy Psychoanalysis allows patients to explore their unconscious conflicts through techniques such as free association and dream analysis, which has been effective in treating some psychological disorders

Question 38

limitation to psychodynamic approach (1)

Answer 38

lacks scientific credibility. his concepts are difficult to test empirically and are based on subjective case studies. This makes the approach unfalsifiable

Question 39

limitation to psychodynamic approach (2)

Answer 39

deterministic and reductionist. suggests that behaviour is driven by unconscious forces beyond conscious control and places excessive emphasis on sexual drives, ignoring social and cognitive factors

Question 40

AO1 of humanistic approach

Answer 40

focuses on the subjective experience of the individual and emphasises free will, personal growth and self-actualisation

Question 41

one key assumption of the humanistic approach (1)

Answer 41

humans have free will and are active agents in their own development humanistic psychologists argue that individuals are responsible for their own actions

Question 42

one key assumption of humanistic approach (2)

Answer 42

self-actualisation, which refers to the desire to achieve one’s full potential

Question 43

strength of humanistic approach

Answer 43

positive view of human nature emphasises personal growth and free will significant influence on counselling psychology real-world applications Client-centred therapy has been effective in improving self-esteem and emotional well-being, especially for individuals experiencing mild psychological distress.

Question 44

limitation of humanistic approach

Answer 44

lacks scientific evidence Concepts such as self-actualisation and congruence are subjective and difficult to measure objectively, making the approach less testable and less reliable