attachment

Question 1

what is reciprocity

Answer 1

where an infant responds to an action of another person. they elicit a response from eachother

Question 2

interactional synchrony

Answer 2

where an infant mirrors the actions of another person

Question 3

case study for reciprocity

Answer 3

Tronick
still face experiment
demonstrates importance of reciprocity

Question 4

case study for interactional synchrony

Answer 4

Meltzoff and Moore

adult displays gesture or facial expression
childs response filmed by independent researchers

believed interactional synchrony is important for the development of mother infant attachment

Question 5

weakness of reciprocity & interactional synchrony

Answer 5

• difficult to know what infants are thinking about
  cannot know if mother infant interaction have a special meaning
• don’t tell us the reasons for synchrony and reciprocity
  Feldman points out synchrony points out behaviours that occur

-socially sensitive research - suggests children may be disadvantaged by child-rearing practices

Question 6

strength of reciprocity and interactional synchrony

Answer 6

controlled observation
ensures fine details can be recorded and analysed

babies do not know they r being recorded to behaviour is unchanging

good validity

controlled nature makes replication possible

Question 7

4 stages of stages of attachment - schaffer and Emerson

Answer 7

Stage 1 (Asocial stage)
babies behaviour is indifferent to humans and inhumans
happier in human presence than alone

Stage 2 (indiscriminate attachment)
show a preference for people
recognise and prefer familiar people
no anxiety

Stage 3 ( specific attachment )
anxiety towards strangers
formed specific attachment to primary caregiver

Stage 4 (multiple attachments)
had multiple attachments by 10 months

Question 8

Schaffer and Emerson stages of multiple attachments case studies

Answer 8

• Glasgow skilled working class ppl
• babies and mothers were visited every month for the 1st year
• designed to measured infants attachment

Findings
- found 7 months babies showed separation anxiety
- results showed that babies would show attachment to ppl that would show reciprocity to them

Question 9

evaluate schaffer and emerson’s research

Answer 9

longitudinal study

P: same children were followed up
E: means better internal validity bc no confounding variables of individual differences between participants
L: more reliable research

P: all families same district and social class
E: all from Glasgow and working class
E: bad because child rearing changes from one culture to another
L: so results do not generalise well to other social and historical contexts

P: good external validity
E: done in babies home so less likely behaviour of baby would change
E: babies behaved naturally and good external validity

Question 10

What is a fathers role according to Bowlby

Answer 10

they will engage in being physically active

Question 11

how do the fathers contibribute to attachment (include case study)

Answer 11

Grossman studied fathers play style and concluded it was linked to fathers own internal working model of attachment

play sensitivity is better predictor for the childs long term attachment

Question 12

evidence to suggest when fathers take on the role of the main caregiver they adopt more typical behaviours of mothers

Answer 12

Field conducted an experiment comparing primary caretaker fathers and secondary caretaker fathers

secondary caretakers fathers engaged more in playing and less in holding the baby

primary caretaker fathers smiled more and imitative vocalizations - adapting features of a primary caregiver of a mother

Question 13

weakness of role of the father

Answer 13

inconsistent findings on the father
because different researchers are interested in different research questions

Question 14

if fathers have a distinct role why aren’t children without fathers different

Answer 14

research suggests fathers do more with play and stimulation and was important in children’s development

BUT

Golombok found that children without fathers do not develop any differently

Question 15

why dont fathers generally become the attachment

Answer 15

result of traditional gender roles - women r expected to be more nurturing than men

or female hormones created higher levels of nuturing

Question 16

what did Lorenz study

Answer 16

imprinting on Geese

Question 17

procedure Lorenz did

Answer 17

Lorenz divided geese eggs in half randomly

half to him half to goose

then made sure the first moving thing the geese saw was him.

when put all the geese under an upside down box, the experimental grp followed Lorenz whilst the control grp followed the mother

Question 18

what is imprinting

Answer 18

Where geese attach to the first moving object they see and there was a critical period for this needing to take place

Question 19

evaluate Lorenz’s study

Answer 19

P: cannot generalise to humans
E: Geese are not similar to humans in any way, e.g the mother goose did not care that half her kids were split up
E: shows attachment from humans to geese are completely different

• Mammalian attachment is different

P: human babies are born helpless so they cant follow like the geese did to Lorenz did
E: not appropriate to generalise this to humans

Question 20

Harlow’s research, what did he do

Answer 20

worked with monkeys that were alone, found that when given something soft to cuddle, they were less likely to die.

emphasises the importance of comfort

Question 21

Procedure of Harlow

Answer 21

Harlow used 8 monkeys

had 2 “mothers”, the dispensing surrogate mother and a cloth covered mother and investigated which one the monkey would attach to

Question 22

what did Hardow find

Answer 22

infant monkeys were more attached to the cloth covered monkey when frightened.

e.g when in a room of toys, if cloth covered mother was present, monkey would feel safe. if only food dispensing one was present, then they would display phobic responses.

showed the importance of contact comfort.

Question 23

How did these monkeys develop into adulthood?

Answer 23

they were very aggressive and less sociable. they mated less and as mothers, they would be very neglecting towards their kids, even killing some of them

Question 24

critical period for monkeys

Answer 24

90 days for an attachment to form

Question 25

evaluate Hardow's research

Answer 25

P: showed that attachment does not develop by the one who feeds you - but rather the one who gives you comfort E: shown by monkey who felt safer around the cloth mother rather than the mother that fed the monkey P: showed the importance of early relationship for later social development E: shown when monkeys who did not have a mother are less capable of socialising and are more aggressive P: Ethical issues E: the monkeys were the most similar to humans, so presumably their suffering was human-like. BUT the research was important to justify the effects E: also monkeys showed signs of depression P: cannot really generalise to humans E: psychologists disagree on the extent which non human studies can be applied to humans

Question 26

what does Bowlby's monotropic theory consists of

Answer 26

- Monotropy - Social releasers - internal working model - critical period - universally innate

Question 27

meaning of monotropy and evidence

Answer 27

special attachment to mother, if not formed may be difficult to form future attachments - not supported by scaffer and Emerson since they showed multiple attachments can be formed by 10 months - unclear there is something unique abt the first attachment

Question 28

meaning of social releasers and evidence

Answer 28

unlock tendency to get adults to interact with them e.g by smiling giggling cute faces - brazleton et al observed mothers and babies and reported the importance of social releasers as it causes distress when not responded to

Question 29

internal working model

Answer 29

special mental schemas, if their first relationship loving then all relationships will be loving and reliable - Bailey et al assessed 99 mothers, the ones who had poor attachment to mothers were classified as poor according to observations

Question 30

when is the critical period for humans

Answer 30

2.5 years for attachment to form. sensitive period is up to 5 years

Question 31

what happens if no attachment is formed

Answer 31

the child will suffer from deprivation

Question 32

what is learning theory in terms of classical and operant coniditoning

Answer 32

classical conditioning: when a caregiver (netural stimulus) gives food, the neutral response is to be happy when seen food. once associated, the caregiver (conditioned stimulus) has this expectation to have food and attaches to caregiver operant conditioning: when a baby cries, the caregiver provides comfort, so the baby cries so it can be provided comfort - example of negative reinforcement

Question 33

what is learning theory summerised

Answer 33

attachment occurring because the child seeks the person who can supply the reward - emphasises the importance of love of food in attachment - role of classical conditioning and operant conditioning - hunger is a primary drive whilst attachment is the secondary drive

Question 34

evaluate learning theory

Answer 34

P: counterevidence from counter research E: harlow's monkey preferred comfort to food P: counter evidence from human research E: schaffer and emerson E: babies formed most attachments to mothers even though caregivers did the feeding

Question 35

what are the 3 types of attachments

Answer 35

- secure attachment - insecure avoidant attachment - insecure resistant attachment

Question 36

what is secure attachment

Answer 36

most common - explore happily but go back to caregiver - moderate separation distress - accepts comfort

Question 37

insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 37

20% toddlers explore happily and do not go back to caregiver barely show distress when separated little stranger anxiety no comfort at reunion

Question 38

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 38

least common seek greater proximity than others and explore less show huge separation and stranger distress hard to comfort as they wont accept it

Question 39

evaluate strange situation

Answer 39

P: had predictive validity E: insecure resistant led to bullying in later childhood E: suggests Bowbly's attachment for future relationships do have an impact P: culture bound E: people in japan rarely left thier kid. so not easy to observe reunion. E:

Question 40

cultural variations in attachment findings

Answer 40

secure attachment was most common in almost every country. insecure resistant attachment was second most common in japan and Israel insecure avoidance as second most common in western culture

Question 41

Outline Van Ijzendoorn’s box investigation of cultural variations in attachment.

Answer 41

meta-analysis of 32 studies of attachment across 8 countries use of Strange Situation data to classify infants as either secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant secure attachment was the most common (50% in China to 75% in the UK)

Question 42

content analysis

Answer 42

a method of quantifying qualitative content via coding/categorisation