psych > research methods (yr1) > Flashcards

research methods (yr1) Flashcards

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1
Q

laboratory experiment

A

highly controlled

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2
Q

field experiment

A

natural experiment, less control of EVs. everyday setting

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3
Q

natural experiment

A

iv changes without the experimenters intervention

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4
Q

quasi experiment

A

iv based on an individual difference between participants

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5
Q

independent groups

A

two separate groups are involved, each grp does one of the conditions of the experiment

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6
Q

repeated measures

A

all participants take part in all conditions of all the experiment

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7
Q

matched pairs

A

participants are matched on same variable that is important to the experiment and then one of each pair is allocated to a different condition

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8
Q

extraneous variables

A

variables that are not the IV that can influence the DV

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9
Q

co-founding variables

A

variables that do vary systematically with the IV so we cannot be sure what caused the change in DV

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10
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants interpret cues from the experimenter and research situation

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11
Q

participant variables

A

individual differences between participants that may affect the DV

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12
Q

situational variables

A

features of the experimental situation that may affect the DV

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13
Q

what can extraneous variables be divided in?

A

participant and situational variables

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14
Q

when do researcher effects occur?

A

when a researcher unintentionally influences the outcome of any research

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15
Q

3 ways researcher effects can occur

A

nonverbal communication, physical characteristics, bias in interpretation of data

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16
Q

nonverbal communication

A

researcher communicating their feelings about what they are observing without realising

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17
Q

physical characteristics

A

the appearance of the researcher may influence the behavioral responseof the participant

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18
Q

bias in interpretation of data

A

researcher can affect the results reported from a piece of research by being bias

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19
Q

single blind study

A

patients don’t know whether they are taking a treatment or a placebo

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20
Q

double blind studies

A

both patient and doctors dont know

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21
Q

random sample

A

every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

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22
Q

systematic sample

A

every nth person chosen from a list

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23
Q

stratified sample

A

the proportions of people in population sub groups are reflected in the sample

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24
Q

opportunity sample

A

whoever is available at the time of sampling will be included

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25
pros & cons about opportunity sample
- convenient & economical in time -less likely to have population validity -may be biased
26
pros & cons about random allocation
-no *researcher bias* in terms of participants -may not get wide range of participants (e.g all male) which will lack in population validity
27
pros & cons about volunteer
-minimal effort for researcher -participants will be motivated -low population validity -biased by location of advertisement
28
pros & cons of stratified sample
-high population validity as more likely to get a truly representive sample -time consuming to gain names and split the group up
29
pros & cons of systematic sample
-less likely to have a biased sample as the researcher isn't selecting -may lack population validity -requires complete list of target population which might not be available
30
questionnaires
pre-set list of questions to record thoughts and feelings
31
pros and cons of questionnaires
-questionnaires are cheap & efficient to gather data -people may be more honest bc anoymous -social desirability -may be flawed if questions are leading -questions can get misunderstood
32
open questions
free to answer however participants choose
33
pros and cons of open questions
-more detailed, meaning higher in internal validity -unanticipated responses can be valid info -time consuming -participants may lose interest
34
closed questions meaning?
response options are *pre-determined* by the researcher
35
pros and cons of closed questions
-easier to analyse -high in replicability -p's may get frustrated -overly simplistic responses and lacks internal validity
36
structured interview meaning
involves pre-set questions asked in a *fixed order*
37
unstructured interview meaning
unstructured interviews has few or no pre-arranged questions
38
semi-structured interviews
some pre-set questions but follows up are asked as the interview develops
39
pro and cons of structured interviews
- reliable as all interviewees get the same question -not flexible
40
pros and cons of unstructured interviews
-flexible -open to *bias* from interviewer as different questions might be asked to different interviewees
41
naturalistic observation
watching and recording behavior in settings that would normally occur
42
controlled observation
watching and recording behaviour within a *structured environment*
43
overt
participants are aware they are being observed and the observer is clearly visible
44
covert
participants are unaware they are being observed
45
pros and cons of naturalistic observation
-behavior is realistic meaning high internal and external validity -allows you to study behavior which may be unethical -may be difficult to replicate -lack of control over variables
46
pros and cons of controlled observation
-higher control of variables and this gives *higher replicability* -less realistic behavior which reduces ecological validity
47
pros and cons of overt observation
-less ethical issues -easier to record data as no need to act inconspicuous -p's may act unnatural which lowers the validity of the findings
48
pros and cons of covert observation
-behavior is more realistic, higher internal and external validity -more ethical issues -harder to record data
49
participant observation
researcher becomes a member of the group they are observing
50
non-participant observation
researcher remains outside of the group whose behavior they're observing
51
pros and cons of participant observation
-can gain more in depth info -can become too involved with the P's which may make recordings bias
52
pros and cons of non-participant observation
-more likely to remain objective in the observations -easier to record more data -less indepth info which may reduce internal validity of the findings -more likely to misinterpret the behavior
53
behavior categories
to structure what is recorded - researchers define clear target behaviours
54
sampling methods
behaviors may be recorded continuously or using sampling method
55
effective categories
behavioural categories should be measuredable, not overlapping.
56
event and time sampling
counting the number of times a particular behaviour occurs
57
data
observers may record quantitive data or qualitive data
58
correlations
a correlation is plotted on a scattergram and tells us the strength and direction of a relationship between two or more co-variables
59
strengths in correlation
-allows researchers to investigate naturally occurring variables -allows researcher to see relationship between variables -quick and cheap
60
directional hypothesis
type of hypothesis that predicts the specific direction of the relationship between two variables
61
non-directional hypothesis
statements in research that indicate the presence of a relationship or difference between variables without specifying the direction of the effect
62
mean
arithemtic range, add up the scores and dividing N
63
median
middle value scores are arranged in order
64
mode
most frequent occuring value
65
range
difference between highest and lowest
66
standard deviation
the average that scores move away from the mean
67
primary data
first hand from participants, collected specfically for the purposes of research
68
secondary data
data collected by someone else
69
meta-analysis
a number of research studies that have investigated the some area are viewed
70
effect size
overall statistical measure of relationship across variable in a meta analysis
71
qualitive data
descriptive, depicts qualities. charaterstics
72
quantitive data
numerical
73
time sampling
how much time it takes for someone to do something
74
nominal data
categorizing data
75
matched pairs process
the researcher needs to ensure that the two groups are matched for key variables all participants should be pre-tested for each person in one condition, the researcher should assign a ‘matched’ person in the other condition.
76
3 experimental designs
independent group design, matched pairs, repeated measures.
77
ad and dis of independent group design
ad: participants are less likely to guess the aim of the study dis: no control over participant variables (fixed by random allocation) , need more participants to gather the same amount of data
78
ad and dis for repeated measures
- fewer participants need to participate so not time consuming - eliminates participants variable - boredom may be present within the participant and may not perform as well
79
ad and dis of matched pairs
- less risk of demand characteristics - no order effects - time consuming and expensive to match - large number of participants
80
ecological validity
the extent to which behaviours observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the real world
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