What does DSM-5-TR encompass regarding Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Early infantile autism
- Childhood autism
- Kanner’s autism
- High-functioning autism
- Atypical autism
- Pervasive developmental disorder NOS
- Childhood disintegrative disorder
- Asperger’s disorder
These diagnoses were previously separate but are now included under Autism Spectrum Disorder.
What are the general features of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Impairment in social communication and social interaction
- Restricted, repetitive pattern of behaviour, interest, or activities
- Symptoms must be present during the early developmental period
These features are critical for diagnosis.
In the example of Greg, what was a notable impairment in his social interaction?
Lack of interest in his environment and in people
Greg was unaffectionate with his parents and disinterested in playing with toys.
What is joint attention?
The ability to share focus on an object or event with another person
Example: Dad is looking at something, and the child follows his gaze.
Do children with autism lack a theory of mind?
Yes, they often struggle with understanding others’ thoughts and feelings
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others.
What was Greg’s speech characterized by?
- Echolalia
- Obsessional speech
- Confusion of pronouns
Greg would repeat what was said and initiate speech only if it was obsessional in nature.
In the study by Baron-Cohen et al. (1995), what was the setup?
- Participants: children with autism, children with developmental delay, typically developing children
- Discrepant Condition: Forced choice decision
The study aimed to investigate word learning in children with autism.
What type of behaviour does Greg display regarding restricted, repetitive behaviour?
- Intense desire for sameness
- Engages in ritualistic behaviour
He insists on reading books in a specific order and gets agitated if routines are changed.
What is the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
1 in 100 children (1% population)
It occurs across all social classes and cultures, more common in boys.
What are some early symptoms of autism related to social behaviour?
- Looking at faces
- Following person’s gaze
- Turning when name is called
- Showing objects to others
- Pointing at interesting objects
- Symbolic play
These behaviours typically develop in infants but are less evident in children with autism.
What are some associated features of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Intellectual and cognitive features
- Executive functioning deficits
- Language impairments
- Motor deficits
- Self-injury
These features can vary widely among individuals with autism.
What percentage of individuals with ASD have comorbidities?
70% have 1+; 40% have 2+ other diagnoses
Common comorbidities include intellectual disability, language disorder, and anxiety disorders.
What are some genetic influences related to Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Heritability
- Genetic disorders
- Brain abnormalities
- Biochemical factors
These factors contribute to the risk of developing autism.
What is the Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory?
It suggests sex differences in brain types related to autism
The theory posits that individuals with autism may have an ‘Extreme Male Brain’.
True or false: There are biological markers or medical tests for diagnosing autism.
FALSE
Diagnosis relies on behavioural symptoms and developmental history.
What are some diagnostic instruments for autism assessment?
- Autism Diagnostic Observational Scale - 2 (ADOS-2)
- Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R)
- Checklists
These tools help in evaluating autism symptoms.
What are important features for treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Early intervention
- Intensive therapy
- Low student-teacher ratio
- Highly structured environment
- Family inclusion
These features enhance the effectiveness of treatment.
What is the purpose of functional analysis in autism treatment?
To define antecedents, behaviours, and consequences
This analysis helps understand the function of behaviours in children with autism.
What does behavior therapy focus on in treating Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Aggressive behaviour
- Self-injurious behaviour
- Stereotyped behaviour
- Other disruptive behaviour
Therapy aims to modify these behaviours through various techniques.
What are some communication skills strategies for children with autism?
- Altering adult language to be simple and concise
- Creating alternative communication systems (signing, pictures)
- Developing schedules with choices
These strategies help improve communication and understanding.
What is an example of a social story for teaching social skills?
Taking turns is fun and very polite
Social stories help children understand social cues and expected behaviours.
What does BCBA stand for?
Board Certified Behaviour Analyst
A BCBA is a certified professional who applies the principles of behaviour analysis to improve socially significant behaviors.
List the key roles and responsibilities of a BCBA.
- Conducting behavior assessments
- Developing and implementing behavior intervention plans
- Training caregivers and educators
- Working with individuals with autism, developmental disabilities, and other behavioural challenges
- Application of learning theory to socially significant behaviours
- Focus on increasing desirable behaviour and skills and decreasing maladaptive behaviour
- Reliance on scientific evidence and data analysis
BCBAs apply learning theory to improve the human condition and understand why we do what we do.
What are the two main areas that BCBAs are trained to assess and treat?
- Skill deficits
- Behavioural excesses
Skill deficits refer to a lack of ability or demonstration of specific skills, while behavioural excesses include problem behaviours such as stereotypy, property destruction, and aggression.
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chapter 288
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Chapter 1373
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chapter 4180
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chapter 14212
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chapter 5279
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chapter 7170
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chapter 6163
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Intellectual Developmental Disorder Lecture23
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Learning Disabilities Lecture31
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ASD Lecture31
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Chapter 8224
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Chapter 9: Conduct Problems47
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders172
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 256
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 338
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 1101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 2101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 379
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Chapter 12: Trauma related disorders107
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Chapter 12 pt 284
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Chapter 9 pt 2162
