CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the statement about abused children becoming abusive parents?

A

Almost all abused children become abusive parents

This is a common misconception and not universally true.

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2
Q

True or False: Children never lie about sexual abuse.

A

False

Children can and do lie about various subjects, including sexual abuse.

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3
Q

What is a common misconception about childhood trauma?

A

Childhood trauma invariably produces emotional symptoms that carry on into adulthood

This is not always the case, as some children may cope well.

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4
Q

What is often believed about traumatic experiences?

A

Traumatic experiences are usually repressed

Repression is one mechanism, but not all traumatic experiences are repressed.

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5
Q

What is a characteristic of adolescence?

A

Adolescence is a time of storm and stress

This reflects the emotional and social changes during this period.

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6
Q

How can ADHD be diagnosed according to the text?

A

By seeing whether a child responds to stimulant medication or not

This is one method but not the only diagnostic criterion.

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7
Q

What happens to kids rejected by their peers when placed in different schools?

A

They do better (i.e., have better social status)

This suggests that environment significantly impacts social dynamics.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Reducing a child’s refined sugar or red food dye will improve _______.

A

ADHD symptoms

There is debate about the effectiveness of dietary changes on ADHD.

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9
Q

Who plays a bigger role in influencing teens’ attitudes?

A

Peers

This contrasts with the traditional view of parental influence.

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10
Q

True or False: Children with ADHD lose their symptoms once they become adults.

A

False

Many individuals continue to experience symptoms into adulthood.

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11
Q

What is often true of children who exhibit sexual behavior problems?

A

They almost always have a history of sexual abuse

This highlights a correlation between abuse and behavioral issues.

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12
Q

What is the effect of watching violent TV or video games?

A

Leads to violent behaviour

This is a point of contention in psychological research.

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13
Q

What distinguishes child disorders?

A

Children are often not self-referred

This complicates diagnosis and treatment.

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14
Q

What is required to identify problems in children?

A

An understanding of development

Developmental context is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

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15
Q

True or False: Many problems in children are considered ‘abnormal.’

A

False

Many issues may fall within the range of normal development.

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16
Q

What is a critical consideration in interventions for children?

A

Interventions need to go beyond restoring to previous functioning

This suggests a more holistic approach to treatment.

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17
Q

What does Wakefield (1992, 1999) define as ‘harmful dysfunction’?

A

Harmful = Causes harm or deprivation of benefit to the child; Dysfunction = Failure of some internal mechanism to perform natural function

This definition is pivotal in understanding child psychopathology.

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18
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Variables that precede a negative outcome and increase chances of occurrence

They can include acute stress and chronic adversity.

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19
Q

Define resilience in the context of mental disorders.

A

The ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology

Resilience is not a fixed attribute but can develop over time.

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20
Q

What are the categories of causes in causal processes?

A
  • Predisposing causes
  • Precipitating causes
  • Maintaining/perpetuating causes

These categories help in understanding the development of disorders.

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21
Q

What does multifinality refer to?

A

Similar early experiences lead to different outcomes

This concept is important for understanding variability in child development.

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22
Q

What does equifinality refer to?

A

Different factors lead to a similar outcome

This highlights the diverse pathways to similar disorders.

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23
Q

What is developmental psychopathology?

A

The study of origins and course of individual patterns of behaviour maladaptation

It emphasizes the interplay between the child and their environment.

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24
Q

What is the ‘transactional’ or ‘relational’ view in developmental psychopathology?

A

The child and the environment are interdependent and interact dynamically

This perspective is crucial for understanding child development.

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25
What does the integrated perspective in abnormal child behavior involve?
Studying from a multi-theoretical perspective ## Footnote This approach considers various factors influencing behavior.
26
What are the components of emotion as a psychological event?
* Arousal: physiological response * Behaviour: expressive reaction * Cognition: subjective experience ## Footnote These components interact to influence emotional responses.
27
What are the types of insecure attachment identified by Ainsworth?
* Insecure: anxious/avoidant * Insecure: anxious/resistant * Disorganized/disoriented ## Footnote These attachment styles impact later relationships and behavior.
28
What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model?
The child’s environment is a series of nested and interconnected structures with the child at the center ## Footnote This model emphasizes the influence of various environments on development.
29
What is case conceptualization?
Use theory to guide causal explanation and effective intervention.
30
Do specific theories attribute psychopathology to causal factors?
No, they are more risk factors that correlate with disorders rather than causal.
31
What is the main focus of one-dimensional models in psychopathology?
They don’t consider everything; alternative models consider several different causes that interact.
32
What does the developmental psychopathology perspective organize?
The study of child psychopathology around developmental processes, milestones, and sequences.
33
How does maladaptive development relate to normal development?
It is used to understand normal development and vice versa.
34
What is the central belief of the developmental psychopathology perspective?
To understand atypical behaviour, you have to compare it to what is typical/expected at that stage.
35
What are the three main assumptions of developmental psychopathology?
* CPP is multiply determined * Child and environment are interdependent * CD includes continuities and discontinuities
36
What does 'CPP is multiply determined' imply?
Look beyond current symptoms at developmental pathways and interacting events prior to the outcome.
37
What does the term 'transaction' refer to in the context of child and environment?
Child and environment influence each other; both contribute to the expression of a disorder.
38
What does continuity in developmental psychopathology refer to?
Gradual and quantitative changes; future patterns can be predicted from earlier ones.
39
What does discontinuity in developmental psychopathology refer to?
Abrupt and qualitative changes; future behaviour can’t be predicted by earlier patterns.
40
What is a developmental cascade?
Describes how previous interactions and experiences can spread across systems and affect other areas of development.
41
What is adaptation failure in child psychopathology?
Indicates children with CPP differ from their peers in some area of development.
42
What does the organizational view of development suggest?
There is an active, dynamic process of continual change and transformation.
43
What are sensitive periods in development?
Times where environmental factors can significantly influence development.
44
What are the main biological factors considered in biological perspectives?
* Genetic and constitutional factors * Neuroanatomy * Rates of maturation
45
What role do neurotransmitters play in psychological disorders?
Some neurons are more sensitive to certain neurotransmitters, forming brain circuits related to specific disorders.
46
What does the term 'neural plasticity' refer to?
Neural connections are use-dependent; nature provides basic processes, nurture provides experiences to strengthen connections.
47
What is the function of the brain stem?
Handles autonomic functions necessary to stay alive.
48
What hormones are produced by adrenal glands?
Epinephrine in response to stress.
49
What does the HPA axis involve?
Connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland that regulates stress and emotional responses.
50
What is the role of emotions in infant development?
Help infants adapt to new surroundings and organize new information.
51
What are the two dimensions of emotional processes?
* Emotion reactivity * Emotion regulation
52
How does the transactional model describe emotional reactions?
Emotional reactions lead to regulation, which influences later emotional expression.
53
What are the three main dimensions of temperament?
* Positive affect and approach * Fearful or inhibited * Negative affect or irritability
54
What is the significance of authoritative parenting?
Establishes limits sensitive to the child’s individual needs, promoting self-control and regulation.
55
What can some kinds of emotion dysregulation be?
Adaptive or maladaptive depending on the situation.
56
What is the genetic contribution to childhood disorders?
Genetic factors involved in all childhood disorders; some are expressed early, others later.
57
What does 'GxE' stand for?
Genes influence how we respond to the environment, and the environment influences our genes.
58
What is the focus of molecular genetics?
Looks at associations between DNA variations and variations in a trait.
59
What are the functions of the limbic system?
Regulates emotional experiences, expressions, and contributes to learning and impulse control.
60
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?
Involved in planning and decision-making; matures into late adolescence and early adulthood.
61
What is adaptability in the context of temperament?
The ability to adjust to new situations, though it may show distress or negativity in some cases.
62
What characterizes a child with negative affect?
Mainly negative or intense mood, not very adaptable, arrhythmic, and shows distress in new or challenging situations.
63
How are temperament dimensions linked to brain activity?
They influence cautious versus eager approaches to new situations, supporting the idea that temperament is established during early brain development.
64
What types of disorders are linked to some temperamental styles?
Specific disorders such as anxiety.
65
How can infant negative affect impact attachment styles?
It can lead to parental withdrawal or indifference, resulting in an insecure attachment style.
66
What is the relationship between temperament and self-control?
Temperament can impact the development of self-control, with fearful or cautious temperament linked to better self-control.
67
What is the balance needed between temperament and self-control?
High self-control is positive for non-cautious kids but can be problematic for cautious kids.
68
What is self-regulation in the context of child development?
The balance between emotional reactivity and self-control, leading to healthy adjustment.
69
Why aren't personality disorders diagnosed in children?
There needs to be an enduring problematic pattern.
70
What common criteria do personality disorders share?
* Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from cultural expectations * Enduring pattern of unusual thinking, feeling, behaving that is inflexible and pervasive across multiple situations, resulting in distress or impairment.
71
What are extra considerations for diagnosing personality disorders in children?
Personality disorder categories can be applied when maladaptive traits appear pervasive and persistent, with features present for at least one year, except antisocial personality disorder which cannot be diagnosed under age 18.
72
What is emphasized in behavioral and cognitive influences?
Principles of learning and cognition that shape behavior and interpretation of the environment.
73
How do behavioral and cognitive approaches differ?
Behavioral explanations focus on specific situations, while cognitive theory focuses on thought patterns and their connection to behavioral strategies.
74
What does Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) focus on?
The relationship between behavior, antecedents, and consequences, known as the functional approach to behavior.
75
What are the four operant learning principles in ABA?
* Positive reinforcement * Negative reinforcement * Extinction * Punishment
76
What does classical conditioning explain?
The acquisition of deviant behavior through paired associations between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.
77
What is social learning theory based on?
Bandura’s theory that behavior can be learned through indirect, observational (vicarious) learning.
78
What role do cognitive mediators play in social learning?
They may influence behavior directly or indirectly.
79
What factors can impact children's self-appraisals?
Individual differences in processing information and making sense of their social worlds.
80
What are shared and non-shared environmental influences?
* Shared environment: Factors creating similarities in developmental outcomes in siblings * Non-shared environment: Factors creating behavioral differences in siblings.
81
What does Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model illustrate?
The interconnected aspects of a child's environment.
82
What is attachment according to John Bowlby?
The process of building and maintaining an emotional bond, crucial for survival.
83
What are instinctive behaviors in infants related to attachment?
Behaviors like smiling, crying, and clinging that enhance relationships.
84
What is the stress-reduction function of attachment?
It helps infants balance the desire for comfort and the desire to seek new experiences.
85
What influences a child's internal working model of relationships?
Their experiences with attachment figures, which shape expectations from others.
86
What do family systems theories suggest about understanding individual behavior?
It is difficult to understand or predict the behavior of a specific family member in isolation from the other family members.
87
What are factors that contribute to toxic stress in children?
Strong, frequent, and prolonged activation of the child’s stress response in the absence of adult protection and support.
88
What common family-related issues impact child development?
* Parental depression * Child abuse * Parental substance abuse * Marital violence * Family instability * Poverty * Parental criminality.
CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
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