1
Q
What percentage of children under age 12 are described as picky eaters?
A
Approximately one in four children
According to studies by Machado et al. (2016) and Mascola et al. (2010)
2
Q
Is picky eating more common among boys or girls?
A
More common among girls
The relationship to later eating disorders or emotional problems remains unclear (Cano et al., 2016)
3
Q
At what age do girls begin to express more anxiety about losing weight compared to boys?
A
Around age 9
Philipsen & Brooks-Gunn (2008) discuss this increase in anxiety
4
Q
What societal factors contribute to weight-consciousness among pre-teen girls?
A
Societal norms and media focus on thinness and attractiveness
Holland & Tiggemann (2016) highlight these influences
5
Q
What impact do early parent–child relationships have on eating and growth patterns?
A
They have a paramount importance
Machado et al. (2016) suggest significant effects
6
Q
What is the continuum of ‘eating pathology’ described in the text?
A
Ranges from dieting to clinical syndromes across all developmental periods
Attie & Brooks-Gunn (1995) discuss this concept
7
Q
What is the drive for thinness?
A
A key motivational variable that underlies dieting and body image, particularly in young females
Philipsen & Brooks-Gunn (2008) explain this drive
8
Q
What negative side effects can arise from the drive for thinness?
A
- Weight preoccupation
- Concern with appearance
- Restrained eating
These factors increase the risk of developing an eating disorder (Touyz et al., 2008)
9
Q
What do disordered eating attitudes describe?
A
Beliefs that attractiveness, body image, and social acceptance are tied to diet control and weight gain
Thompson et al. (2003) note these attitudes
10
Q
What was the finding of Graber and colleagues (1994) regarding adolescent girls and eating problems?
A
About 25% showed signs of a serious eating problem at each assessment
These teens had earlier pubertal maturation and higher body fat percentages
11
Q
What factors are significantly related to the onset of eating problems during adolescence?
A
- Weight concerns
- Body image
Juarascio et al. (2011) and Swanson et al. (2014) found these relationships
12
Q
What protective factor against eating disorders is mentioned in the text?
A
Regular family meals
Bauer et al. (2011) highlight this protective factor
13
Q
When do anorexia and bulimia typically occur?
A
During adolescence
Stice & Bohon (2013) and Striegel-Moore et al. (2005) confirm this timing
14
Q
What is the relationship between early maturation and dieting behavior in girls?
A
Girls who mature early are likely to be heavier than late-maturing peers
DeRose et al. (2011) discuss this relationship
15
Q
What societal pressures do female adolescents face regarding body image?
A
They face pressure to succeed in both traditionally feminine and masculine roles
Smolak & Chun-Kennedy (2013) describe these contradicting messages
16
Q
How is weight-based harassment related to body satisfaction in adolescents?
A
It is strongly connected to low body satisfaction and lower self-esteem
Bucchianeri et al. (2014) explore this connection
17
Q
What percentage of students in grades 5 through 8 reported trying to lose weight in the past week?
A
Approximately 60%
Thompson et al. (2003) conducted this large-scale survey
18
Q
What is the false hope syndrome in dieting?
A
Initial commitment to change leads to short-term mood improvements but declines as feelings of failure increase
Polivy & Herman (2005) describe this phenomenon
19
Q
What is purging in the context of dieting and eating disorders?
A
The voluntary use of vomiting, laxatives, or other methods to rid the body of food
This behavior often follows binge eating episodes
20
Q
What is the critical difference between healthy dieting and chronic dieting?
A
Healthy dieting influences body weight positively, while chronic dieting disrupts natural body rhythms and balance
Brownell & Rodin (1994) discuss this distinction
21
Q
What are biological regulators of eating and growth patterns?
A
They include physical and psychological processes that continuously interact
These regulators influence appetite and nutrition
22
Q
What are the consequences of hypocaloric malnutrition?
A
- Loss of circadian rhythm
- Increase in growth hormone release
- Emotional and behavioral changes
Woolston (1991) highlights these consequences
23
Q
What percentage of individuals who lose weight regain it within several years?
A
90% to 95%
Based on Agras, 2010.
24
Q
What is a person’s natural weight regulated around?
A
Set point
The comfortable range of body weight the body tries to maintain.
25
What metabolic changes occur when fat levels decrease below typical range?
Slowing metabolism, lethargy, increased sleep, decreased body temperature
## Footnote
Common in individuals with anorexia.
26
How does the body respond to weight gain?
Increases metabolism and raises body temperature
## Footnote
Efforts to burn off extra calories.
27
What is the function of the growth hormone (GH) in children?
Regulates growth rate
## Footnote
Most significant during childhood.
28
What are the main hormones involved in growth regulation?
* Growth hormone (GH) * Thyroid hormone * Gonadal steroids
## Footnote
Gonadal steroids are particularly involved during adolescence.
29
When does most growth hormone production occur?
After the onset of deep sleep
## Footnote
50% to 75% of GH production occurs during this time.
30
What is the role of the hypothalamus in growth hormone release?
Determines the need to release GH
## Footnote
Influenced by emotional sensations and responses.
31
Fill in the blank: Eating problems are common among _______.
children
32
What can increase the risk of eating disorders in children?
Undue concern on body image and drive for thinness
## Footnote
Often influenced by parents and peers.
33
What is the prevalence of obesity among children aged 2–19 years from 2017-2020?
19.7%
## Footnote
Based on data from Steirman et al., 2021.
34
How is obesity defined in children?
BMI above the 95th percentile
## Footnote
Based on norms for the child's age and sex.
35
What percentage of American children eat fast food on any given day?
30%
## Footnote
Based on Bowman et al., 2004.
36
What are some obesity-related health concerns for children?
* Cardiovascular problems * Diabetes * Elevated cholesterol * Breathing problems * Joint problems
## Footnote
Can impact quality of life and longevity.
37
True or False: Childhood obesity is strongly related to obesity in later childhood.
False
## Footnote
Childhood-onset obesity is more likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood.
38
What is a significant risk factor for the later emergence of eating disorders?
Preadolescent obesity
## Footnote
Particularly affects females.
39
How do overweight students in middle and high schools differ in weight-control strategies?
Use fewer healthy strategies and more unhealthy strategies
## Footnote
Such as vomiting and diet pills.
40
What cultural factors influence obesity prevalence among U.S. children?
* Familial pressures * Cultural influences favoring chubbier children * Food deserts
## Footnote
Contributes to higher obesity rates among certain ethnic groups.
41
What is a 'food desert'?
Areas with limited access to healthy, affordable food
## Footnote
Often found in inner cities and rural communities.
42
What is the impact of fast food availability on low-income families?
Higher rates of consumption of unhealthy foods
## Footnote
Fast food is often cheaper and more accessible.
43
Fill in the blank: The United States ranks ______ in percentage of overweight children.
fifth
44
What does the increase in obesity rates correlate with in other countries?
Exposure to Western culture
## Footnote
Includes globalization of fast-food industries.
45
What is the relationship between genetics and obesity by age 17?
A child of two obese parents has three times the chance of being obese as a child of lean parents.
## Footnote
This highlights the significant genetic predisposition to obesity.
46
What is leptin and its role in obesity?
Leptin is a hormone that regulates energy and appetite.
## Footnote
Deficiencies or resistance to leptin are common in individuals with severe obesity.
47
How do leptin levels change with dieting?
Leptin levels decrease with dieting, reducing feedback to the hypothalamus.
## Footnote
This can lead to increased hunger and slower metabolism.
48
What is the relationship between family dynamics and childhood obesity?
Obesity and poor eating habits are related to family disorganization and parenting styles.
## Footnote
Factors include poor communication and lack of family support.
49
What do pediatricians recommend for children with obesity but no serious medical complications?
Proper nutrition to arrest weight gain until height and weight are proportional.
## Footnote
This does not involve energy-restricted diets.
50
What is the impact of physical activity on childhood obesity?
Decreased physical activity relative to food intake can result in increased weight.
## Footnote
Activities like eating while watching television contribute to weight gain.
51
What strategies are effective for weight-loss programs for children?
Teach parents and children ways to be more active and make healthier food choices.
## Footnote
Active routines lead to increased liking for high-intensity activities.
52
What is the role of self-control procedures in treating childhood obesity?
Encourage children to set their own goals for diet, weight, and exercise.
## Footnote
Self-monitoring is key for both eating and exercise.
53
How have schools contributed to addressing childhood obesity?
Schools have developed programs to promote healthy eating habits and body image.
## Footnote
This includes classroom education and cafeteria selections.
54
What was the impact of corporate contracts on school food environments?
Schools increasingly have exclusive contracts with junk food corporations.
## Footnote
This has resulted in junk food being more readily available than healthy options.
55
What is childhood obesity defined as?
A BMI above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.
## Footnote
This definition helps identify children at risk for obesity.
56
Is obesity classified as a mental disorder?
No, obesity is not a mental disorder.
## Footnote
However, it can significantly affect psychological and physical development.
57
What are some risks associated with obesity?
Unhealthy dieting patterns, chronic health problems, and later-onset eating disorders.
## Footnote
These risks highlight the need for effective obesity management.
58
What factors contribute to the rising rates of obesity?
Genetic predisposition and family/community influences like poor nutrition knowledge.
## Footnote
Cultural patterns and limited access to healthy food also play a role.
59
What role do parents play in childhood obesity prevention?
Parents are crucial for children’s proper nutrition and activity levels.
## Footnote
Their involvement can significantly affect the child’s health outcomes.
60
What is Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?
ARFID is characterized by avoidance or restriction of food intake, leading to significant weight loss or nutritional deficiency
## Footnote
One or more of four key features must be present: significant weight loss, significant nutritional deficiency, dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements, or marked interference with psychosocial functioning.
61
What are the key features of ARFID?
* Significant weight loss
* Significant nutritional deficiency
* Dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements
* Marked interference with psychosocial functioning
62
True or False: ARFID applies to children who lack adequate food due to cultural practices.
False
## Footnote
ARFID does not apply to children who lack adequate food or to children who lack food because of cultural practices.
63
How can ARFID manifest in children?
By avoiding or restricting food based on its sensory characteristics such as appearance, color, taste, smell, or temperature.
64
What is the prevalence rate of ARFID in community samples?
Estimates range from less than 1% to 13.8% in outpatient eating disorder programs.
65
What percentage of children ages 6 to 12 in an eating disorder clinic were estimated to have ARFID?
43%
## Footnote
This estimate is from a study involving severe weight loss.
66
What characterizes the weight loss in children with ARFID compared to those with anorexia nervosa?
Children with ARFID are more likely to have chronic weight loss.
67
At what age does food avoidance and restriction usually begin?
In childhood.
68
What is Failure to Thrive (FTT)?
FTT describes serious growth and nutritional problems in infants, subsumed under avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.
69
What factors contribute to FTT?
* Biological factors
* Psychological factors
* Social factors
* Economic disadvantage
* Inadequate or abusive caregiving
70
What is a prominent controversy surrounding FTT?
The significance of emotional deprivation and malnutrition.
71
How does a child's home environment affect developmental outcomes related to FTT?
Significant changes in quality of care and emotional environment lead to better adjustment 20 years later.
72
What role do mothers' eating habits play in ARFID?
Mothers with a history of disturbed eating habits are a specific risk factor for ARFID.
73
What is the relationship between ARFID and autism spectrum disorder?
ARFID is highly comorbid with autism spectrum disorder, with a prevalence estimate of 21%.
74
What treatment has been adapted for ARFID patients?
Family Based Treatment (FBT) adapted for ARFID patients.
75
What are the treatment goals in FBT-ARFID?
* Increasing variety of food intake
* Psychoeducation
* Rewards-based behavioral therapy
76
Fill in the blank: FTT can have severe consequences for a child’s _______.
[physical and psychological development]
77
True or False: Early FTT affects future cognitive functioning.
False
## Footnote
There is no evidence that early FTT affects future cognitive functioning.
78
What is a key aspect of treatment regimens for ARFID?
A detailed assessment of feeding behavior and parent–child interactions.
79
What is the role of play in treating children with ARFID?
Using play, such as art and role-play with food toys, to help children become familiarized with new foods.
80
What is the significance of caregiver–child attachment in FTT?
Poor quality of attachment is related to FTT and is influenced by the caregiver's own childhood experiences.
81
What is pica?
Pica is the ingestion of inedible substances, such as hair, insects, or chips of paint.
82
Which groups are primarily affected by pica?
Very young children and those with intellectual disability.
83
How long must a child consume inedible substances for it to be considered a serious problem?
For a period of 1 month or longer.
84
What is a common characteristic of children with pica?
They are also interested in eating regular foods but persist in consuming inedible items.
85
What is the prevalence rate of pica found in a 2018 study?
12.3% of children engaged in pica behavior at some point in their lives.
86
Where is pica more prevalent?
Among institutionalized children and adults, especially those with more severe impairments.
87
What is the prevalence range of pica among individuals with intellectual disabilities in institutions?
From 9% to 25%.
88
What environmental factors are related to severe forms of pica?
Degree of environmental deprivation and intellectual disability.
89
What historical social pressures influenced pica behavior?
Fashions that encouraged eating substances like lime, coal, vinegar, and chalk for a pale complexion.
90
What are some risks associated with pica in infants and toddlers?
Lead poisoning or intestinal obstruction.
91
What are the common characteristics of infants and toddlers who develop pica?
Poor stimulation and supervision in their home environment.
92
What role do vitamin or mineral deficiencies play in pica?
They have been suspected but no specific biological differences have shown a causal link.
93
What is the focus of clinical interventions for children with pica?
Operant conditioning procedures to reinforce desirable behaviors.
94
What are some positive forms of attention used in treatment for pica?
* Smiling
* Laughing
* Tickling
95
What is avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder characterized by?
Avoidance or restriction of food intake and/or a sudden or rapid deceleration of weight gain.
96
What can avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder lead to?
Failure to thrive (FTT), characterized by weight below the fifth percentile for age.
97
During which periods do eating disorders most likely appear in adolescents?
Early passage into adolescence and the movement from later adolescence to young adulthood.
98
What are some factors that lead to excessive control over eating in adolescents?
* Eating problems
* Dieting patterns
* Negative body image
99
Who first described anorexia nervosa and when?
Sir William Gull in 1873.
100
What was the prescribed treatment for anorexia at the turn of the century?
A 'parentectomy' combined with force-feeding.
101
What historical context is associated with bulimia?
Descriptions of symptoms dating back to the sixth century.
102
What cultural changes influenced body image preferences in the late nineteenth century?
Major cultural changes that shifted preferences away from Rubenesque figures.
103
What did anorexia nervosa symbolize according to physicians in the early twentieth century?
A symptom of inappropriate romantic choices and conflicts with parents.
104
What have advertisers and media shaped regarding women's body image since the 1930s?
A prevailing cultural preference for slimness.
105
What aspects of eating disorders have gained recognition as significant complications in the past quarter century?
* Chronic refusal of food
* Emphasis on overactivity
* Bulimic symptoms of bingeing and purging
106
What is the primary criterion for diagnosing Anorexia Nervosa?
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight.
107
How is 'significantly low weight' defined in Anorexia Nervosa?
Weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children and adolescents, less than that minimally expected.
108
What intense fear characterizes Anorexia Nervosa?
Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.
109
What is a key disturbance in self-perception for individuals with Anorexia Nervosa?
Disturbance in the way one’s body weight or shape is experienced.
110
What are the two subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa?
* Restricting type
* Binge eating/purging type
111
What behavior characterizes the restricting type of Anorexia Nervosa?
No engagement in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior.
112
What defines the binge eating/purging type of Anorexia Nervosa?
Engagement in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior.
113
What does 'in partial remission' indicate in Anorexia Nervosa?
Criterion A (low body weight) has not been met for a sustained period, but Criterion B or C is still met.
114
What is the minimum BMI for mild severity of Anorexia Nervosa?
BMI ≥ 17
115
What BMI range is considered moderate severity in Anorexia Nervosa?
BMI 16 to 16.99
116
What BMI indicates extreme severity in Anorexia Nervosa?
BMI < 15
117
What misconception exists about anorexia?
The term means 'loss of appetite,' but individuals rarely have appetite loss.
118
How do individuals with anorexia perceive their body weight and shape?
They experience a major distortion in how they see their weight and shape.
119
What are the primary methods of weight loss in the restricting type of Anorexia Nervosa?
* Dieting
* Fasting
* Excessive exercise
120
What is the primary hallmark of Bulimia Nervosa?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating.
121
What is classified as a binge in Bulimia Nervosa?
An episode of overeating characterized by an objectively large amount of food and a lack of control over eating.
122
What are the criteria for binge eating in Bulimia Nervosa?
* Eating a larger amount of food than most people would in a similar time
* Lack of control over eating
123
What compensatory behaviors are associated with Bulimia Nervosa?
* Self-induced vomiting
* Misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas
* Fasting
* Excessive exercise
124
What does 'in partial remission' indicate in Bulimia Nervosa?
Some, but not all, criteria have been met for a sustained period.
125
What is the minimum level of severity for Bulimia Nervosa based on compensatory behaviors?
Mild: 1 to 3 episodes of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week.
126
What are common physical symptoms of chronic Bulimia Nervosa?
* Fatigue
* Headaches
* Puffy cheeks
* Loss of dental enamel
127
What distinguishes Binge Eating Disorder (BED) from Bulimia Nervosa?
BED does not include compensatory behaviors following binge eating.
128
What is the frequency of binge eating episodes required for a BED diagnosis?
At least once a week for 3 months.
129
What are common emotional consequences of binge eating in BED?
* Feeling disgusted with oneself
* Feeling depressed
* Feeling guilty afterward
130
What are the severity levels for Binge Eating Disorder based on episode frequency?
* Mild: 1 to 3 episodes per week
* Moderate: 4 to 7 episodes per week
* Severe: 8 to 13 episodes per week
* Extreme: 14 or more episodes per week
131
What is the minimum level of severity for binge eating disorder (BED) based on the frequency of episodes?
The minimum level of severity is defined by the frequency of binge eating episodes.
132
What defines mild severity in binge eating disorder?
1 to 3 binge eating episodes per week.
133
What defines moderate severity in binge eating disorder?
4 to 7 binge eating episodes per week.
134
What defines severe severity in binge eating disorder?
8 to 13 binge eating episodes per week.
135
What defines extreme severity in binge eating disorder?
14 or more binge eating episodes per week.
136
What mental health correlates are associated with binge eating disorder in youths?
Youths with BED score lower on body satisfaction and self-esteem, score higher on depressive mood, and are more likely to report that weight and shape are very important to their overall feelings about themselves.
137
Why is diagnosing eating disorders particularly difficult among youths?
Youths are still maturing physically, cognitively, and emotionally, which may result in not fully meeting criteria.
138
What categories does DSM-5-TR include for individuals with clinically significant eating disorders who do not meet full criteria for anorexia, bulimia, or BED?
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder and Other Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder.
139
What is the purpose of the 'other' categories in DSM-5-TR?
They are used for individuals with clinically significant eating disorders who do not meet full criteria for anorexia, bulimia, or BED.
140
Why have professional organizations advised clinicians to set lower thresholds for diagnosing adolescents with eating disorders?
Most adolescents with eating problems do not meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia, anorexia, or BED.
141
True or False: The criteria for diagnosing eating disorders in adolescents are less stringent according to DSM-5-TR.
True.
142
Fill in the blank: Youths with BED are more likely to report that weight and shape are very important to their overall feelings about _______.
[themselves]
143
What is the lifetime prevalence of anorexia among adolescents?
0.3%
## Footnote
According to Swanson et al. (2011)
144
What is the lifetime prevalence of bulimia among adolescents?
0.9%
## Footnote
According to Swanson et al. (2011)
145
What percentage of adolescents show core symptoms of an eating disorder without meeting all diagnostic criteria?
About 12% of girls and 2% of boys
## Footnote
According to Nagl et al. (2016)
146
What is the prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) among adolescents?
1.5% to 3%
## Footnote
According to Stice, Marti, & Rohde (2013) and Swanson et al. (2011)
147
How do individuals with anorexia differ from those with bulimia regarding weight?
Anorexia: 15% or more below average weight; Bulimia: within 10% of average weight
## Footnote
Individuals with BED are often above average weight.
148
What do adolescents with anorexia typically do regarding forbidden food?
Avoid forbidden food
## Footnote
Unlike those with bulimia and BED, who binge on forbidden food.
149
True or False: Eating disorders can overlap with other mental disorders.
True
## Footnote
Especially anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders.
150
What specific cognitive beliefs are unique to patients with anorexia?
Intense drive for thinness and disturbance in body image perception.
151
What body ideal contributes to eating disorders among young men?
Increased muscular male body ideal
## Footnote
Contributes to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.
152
What behaviors are young men more likely to engage in compared to young women regarding eating disorders?
Excessive exercising and overeating
## Footnote
Young women are more likely to engage in purging behaviors.
153
During which ages did symptoms of bulimia among girls increase?
Ages 14 to 16
## Footnote
According to Abebe, Lien, & von Soest (2012).
154
What is the mortality rate associated with anorexia?
5%
## Footnote
Significant mortality rate according to findings averaged across 119 studies.
155
What is the typical onset age range for anorexia?
Ages 14 to 18
## Footnote
Although it can affect older adults and prepubertal children.
156
What is a common developmental course for anorexia?
Fluctuating pattern involving restoration of weight followed by relapse.
157
What percentage of bulimia patients show full recovery or significant improvement?
50% to 75%
## Footnote
According to follow-up studies.
158
What are the best predictors of a more favorable outcome in bulimia?
* Younger age at onset
* Higher social class
159
What psychological factors contribute to the development of eating disorders?
Biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors
## Footnote
These can operate singly or in combination.
160
What role do neurobiological factors play in eating disorders?
Minor role in precipitating, but may contribute to maintenance of the disorder.
161
What is a significant risk factor for developing an eating disorder?
Being female
## Footnote
Adolescence marks the period of greatest risk.
162
True or False: Anorexia is considered a culture-bound syndrome.
False
## Footnote
Anorexia has been observed in various cultures, not limited to Western countries.
163
What is the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and eating disorders?
Higher SES women are more likely to diet and have lower body weight.
164
What complicates the study of eating disorders across different cultures?
Failure of diagnostic systems to capture disorders experienced by diverse ethnic and cultural groups.
165
What is the variability in the developmental course of anorexia?
Highly variable outcomes; fewer than one-half show full recovery.
166
What is a common pattern of behavior for individuals with bulimia?
Binge eating followed by purging as compensation.
167
What is a notable finding regarding body dissatisfaction among different ethnic groups?
Body dissatisfaction is associated more strongly with SES than with ethnicity.
168
What is the significance of cultural influences on the development of eating disorders?
Cultural expectations and standards complicate the etiology of eating disorders.
169
What complicates the understanding of eating disorders in non-Western contexts?
Cultural differences in family environments and socioeconomic levels.
170
What may disrupt usual regulatory processes in individuals attempting to achieve weight or diet goals?
Biological changes throughout the central nervous and neuroendocrine systems
## Footnote
This disruption can lead to unnatural eating habits and abusive eating patterns.
171
How much more likely are relatives of patients with anorexia or bulimia to develop an eating disorder?
Four to five times more likely
## Footnote
This statistic particularly applies to female relatives.
172
What role does heritability play in the development of anorexia and bulimia according to the study of Swedish twins?
Heritability plays a larger role than shared environmental factors
## Footnote
Shared environment was found to be negligible.
173
What might individuals inherit that increases their chances of developing an eating disorder?
Biological vulnerability interacting with social and psychological factors
## Footnote
Inherited personality traits like emotional instability and poor self-control can predispose individuals to these disorders.
174
What neurotransmitter is studied as a possible cause of anorexia, bulimia, and BED?
Serotonin
## Footnote
Serotonin regulates hunger and appetite.
175
What effect does a decrease in serotonin have on hunger and food intake?
Leads to continuous hunger and greater consumption of food
## Footnote
This condition is conducive to binge eating.
176
What dietary factor increases the availability of the serotonin precursor tryptophan?
Carbohydrate-rich meals
## Footnote
Binge eating often involves high-carbohydrate foods, temporarily increasing brain serotonin.
177
True or False: There are no known connections between depression and eating disorders.
False
## Footnote
Abnormal serotonin levels are noted in both conditions.
178
What is orthorexia?
Fixation on righteous eating
## Footnote
Unlike traditional eating disorders, it focuses on food quality rather than quantity.
179
What cultural factors contribute to the development of eating disorders in Western society?
Personal freedom, instant gratification, food availability, and emphasis on body image
## Footnote
These factors create a drive for thinness.
180
How has the average weight of North American women aged 17 to 24 changed over a generation?
Heavier by 5 to 6 pounds
## Footnote
Despite this increase, many women are dissatisfied with their body image.
181
What percentage of teenage girls felt happy with their body image in the mid-1990s compared to today?
29% in the mid-1990s, 15% today
## Footnote
This reflects a decline in body satisfaction among adolescent girls.
182
What is a major challenge in community-based treatment for eating disorders?
Patients often seek treatment for weight loss and disguise their eating disorder symptoms
## Footnote
This can lead to inadequate mental health assessment.
183
What is the Family-Based Treatment (FBT) method focused on?
Empowering parents to bring about the recovery of their child
## Footnote
FBT is based on five principles that include a non-authoritarian stance and separating the eating disorder from the patient.
184
What is the most effective treatment for bulimia nervosa?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
## Footnote
CBT can be delivered individually or involving the family unit.
185
What type of medications have been studied for treating eating disorders?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
## Footnote
These medications are most extensively studied for bulimia, but not effective for anorexia.
186
Fill in the blank: The initial phase of treatment for anorexia must involve the restoration of _______.
Weight
## Footnote
Monitoring medical complications is also necessary during this phase.
187
What is the consensus on the role of antidepressants in treating bulimia?
They can be useful but not as the initial treatment of choice
## Footnote
Antidepressants should accompany psychosocial treatments for effectiveness.
188
What is the theoretical base for much of the treatment for anorexia?
Evidence-based treatment appropriate for patients whose age does not mandate family therapy and whose symptoms are moderate to severe.
## Footnote
References: Agras et al., 2017; Lock & La Via, 2015.
189
What does CBT specifically address in the treatment of eating disorders?
Specific cues that trigger the urge to binge or to vomit and underlying interpersonal issues such as body dissatisfaction or distorted drive for thinness.
## Footnote
References: Stice et al., 2008, 2011.
190
What are the goals of CBT in treating eating disorders?
Modify faulty cognitions regarding body shape and weight and replace dietary restraint and purging with typical eating and activity patterns.
## Footnote
References: Poulsen et al., 2014; Touyz et al., 2008.
191
What is the first component of CBT for the treatment of bulimia?
Patients are taught to self-monitor their food intake and bingeing and purging episodes, along with any triggering thoughts and feelings.
## Footnote
None.
192
What does CBT for bulimia include besides self-monitoring?
* Regular weighing
* Specific recommendations for achieving desired goals
* Introduction of avoided foods and meal planning
* Cognitive restructuring
* Regular review and revision of procedures to prevent relapse.
## Footnote
None.
193
Fill in the blank: The clinical application of CBT has been expanded to address specific _______ that trigger the urge to binge or to vomit.
[cues]
## Footnote
None.
194
What is the primary focus of the BBC documentary 'Why are thin people not fat'?
An experiment with 10 'naturally thin' participants consuming 5,000 calories a day for a month without exercise.
## Footnote
The study aimed to explore the relationship between calorie intake and body weight.
195
What are the two critical periods of adolescence for eating disorders?
* Early passage into adolescence
* Transition from later adolescence to young adulthood
## Footnote
These periods are associated with increased vulnerability to developing eating disorders.
196
What are some childhood risk factors for developing eating disorders in adolescence?
* Eating problems
* Dieting patterns
* Negative body image
## Footnote
These factors may lead to excessive control over eating as a stress management strategy.
197
What characterizes Anorexia Nervosa?
* Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight
* Intense fear of gaining weight
* Significant disturbance in body perception
## Footnote
Anorexia Nervosa is one of the most lethal mental disorders.
198
What are the subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa according to DSM-5-TR?
* Restricting type
* Binge-eating/purging type
## Footnote
These subtypes help classify the disorder based on behavior.
199
What is the mortality rate associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
5%
## Footnote
This translates to approximately 5.1 deaths per 1,000 people with anorexia per year.
200
What are some medical consequences of Anorexia Nervosa?
* Emaciation
* Growth retardation
* Constipation and abdominal pain
* Cold intolerance
* Osteoporosis
* Hypotension
* Bradycardia
* Seizures
* Tremors
## Footnote
These consequences highlight the severe physical impact of the disorder.
201
What are the eating and exercising habits of Edward, a case study of Anorexia Nervosa?
* Wakes up at 3:30 am for mini rice cakes
* 2-3 cups of cereal for breakfast
* Jell-O water for morning snack
* 18-20 chicken balls for dinner
* 2.5-3 hours walking to work/school
* 550 sit-ups daily
## Footnote
Edward's habits illustrate the extreme behaviors associated with anorexia.
202
What is the primary feature of Bulimia Nervosa?
Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.
## Footnote
These compensatory behaviors can include purging or non-purging methods.
203
What are the medical consequences of Bulimia Nervosa?
* Puffy cheeks
* Loss of dental enamel
* Menstrual irregularity
* Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
## Footnote
While severe, these consequences are generally less critical than those of anorexia.
204
What is a common behavior pattern observed in individuals with Bulimia Nervosa?
Rigid and absolutistic thinking, often characterized by an all-or-nothing attitude.
## Footnote
This thinking pattern can perpetuate the cycle of binging and purging.
205
What distinguishes Binge Eating Disorder from Bulimia Nervosa?
Binge Eating Disorder does not involve compensatory behaviors following binges.
## Footnote
It is characterized by periods of eating large quantities of food with a sense of loss of control.
206
What is the category that replaces Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (ED NOS) in DSM-5?
Other Specified Eating Disorder
## Footnote
This category includes atypical forms of eating disorders.
207
What is the single best predictor of developing an eating disorder?
Being an adolescent female.
## Footnote
This demographic is at a higher risk for various eating disorders.
208
What are some psychological factors associated with Bulimia Nervosa?
* Mood swings
* Poor impulse control
* Obsessive-compulsive behaviors
* Major depression
* Anxiety disorders
* Substance abuse
## Footnote
These factors often co-occur with eating disorders.
209
What is the focus of Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for eating disorders?
* Therapist holds an agnostic view of the illness
* Non-authoritarian stance in treatment
* Parents are empowered in recovery
* The disorder is externalized from the patient
## Footnote
FBT emphasizes the role of family in recovery.
210
Which eating disorder generally responds less favorably to treatment?
Anorexia Nervosa.
## Footnote
Compared to Bulimia Nervosa, anorexia has lower treatment responsiveness.
211
What therapeutic approach is used to change distorted thinking patterns in Bulimia Nervosa treatment?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
## Footnote
CBT helps patients address their eating behaviors and underlying issues.
212
What is a common feature of Pro Ana and Pro Mia websites?
They promote anorexia and bulimia as lifestyle choices rather than disorders.
## Footnote
These sites often contain harmful content and community support for eating disorders.
CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
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chapter 288
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Chapter 1373
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chapter 4180
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chapter 14212
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chapter 5279
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chapter 7170
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chapter 6163
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Intellectual Developmental Disorder Lecture23
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Learning Disabilities Lecture31
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ASD Lecture31
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Chapter 8224
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Chapter 9: Conduct Problems47
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders172
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 256
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 338
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 1101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 2101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 379
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Chapter 12: Trauma related disorders107
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Chapter 12 pt 284
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Chapter 9 pt 2162
