1
Q
What is behavioral assessment?
A
A strategy for evaluating the child’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in specific settings to formulate hypotheses about the nature of the problem and potential solutions
Haynes & Heiby, 2004
2
Q
What are target behaviors in behavioral assessment?
A
The primary concerns identified by the clinician or observer regarding the child’s behavior
Target behaviors help determine influencing factors.
3
Q
What is the ABCs of assessment framework?
A
A framework consisting of:
* A = Antecedents
* B = Behavior(s) of interest
* C = Consequences
This framework helps organize assessment findings.
4
Q
In Felicia’s case, what does the antecedent refer to?
A
Whenever Felicia’s mother asks her to go to school
This is the event that immediately precedes Felicia’s behavior.
5
Q
What does the behavior refer to in Felicia’s case?
A
Felicia complains that she has stomach pains and refuses to go to school
This behavior is a response to the antecedent.
6
Q
What is the consequence in Felicia’s ABCs of assessment?
A
Her mother lets Felicia stay home
This consequence reinforces Felicia’s behavior of refusing to go to school.
7
Q
What is functional analysis of behavior?
A
A systematic approach to organizing and using assessment information in terms of antecedents, behaviors, and consequences
Rispoli et al., 2016
8
Q
What is the goal of functional analysis?
A
To identify factors contributing to a child’s problem behaviors, thoughts, and feelings and develop hypotheses for intervention
It includes changing antecedents or consequences to observe behavior changes.
9
Q
What are global behavior checklists?
A
Tools used to rate the presence or absence of a variety of child behaviors or their frequency and intensity
They provide a standard way to gather information about child behavior.
10
Q
What is the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)?
A
A leading checklist for assessing behavioral concerns in children and adolescents ages 6 to 18
Developed by Thomas Achenbach and widely used in treatment settings.
11
Q
What is the importance of standardization in psychological testing?
A
It allows for individuals to be tested under the same conditions and compared to a defined reference group
Standardization helps ensure fairness and consistency.
12
Q
What is developmental testing used for?
A
To assess infants and young children for screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of early development
It helps identify children at risk for later mental health concerns.
13
Q
What defines cognitive ability in the context of psychological assessment?
A
The overall capacity of an individual to understand and cope with the world around them
This definition is attributed to David Wechsler.
14
Q
What are some commonly used intelligence tests for children?
A
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)
- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)
- Stanford–Binet intelligence scales
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II)
Each test has its own strengths and weaknesses.
15
Q
True or False: Test scores should be interpreted in isolation.
A
False
Test scores should be interpreted in the context of other assessment information.
16
Q
What are some concerns regarding standardized tests?
A
- Cultural bias
- Limited normative groups
- Misinterpretation of test scores
These concerns have led to improvements in test development.
17
Q
What is the WISC-V?
A
The WISC-V is an individually administered intelligence test for children that produces a Full Scale IQ score derived from five Primary Index scales: Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.
18
Q
What does FSIQ stand for?
A
Full Scale IQ
19
Q
What are the five Primary Index scales of the WISC-V?
A
- Verbal Comprehension
- Visual Spatial
- Fluid Reasoning
- Working Memory
- Processing Speed
20
Q
What is the significance of the FSIQ in the WISC-V?
A
The FSIQ should be considered first over the individual indices when interpreting the WISC-V, unless there is a significant discrepancy among the composite scores.
21
Q
What is the purpose of achievement testing?
A
Achievement testing aims to assess an examinee’s attainment of knowledge or skills.
22
Q
What is the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test Third Edition (WIAT-III)?
A
The WIAT-III assesses the academic achievement of individuals aged 4 through 85, covering a broad range of academic skills.
23
Q
What is the main premise of projective testing?
A
Projective tests present ambiguous stimuli to assess the child’s unconscious thoughts and feelings.
24
Q
Name a common projective test used with children.
A
Rorschach inkblot test
25
What are the 'Big 5' factors of personality?
* Timid or bold
* Agreeable or disagreeable
* Dependable or undependable
* Tense or relaxed
* Reflective or unreflective
26
What is neuropsychology?
Neuropsychology is the study of brain–behavior relations.
27
What do neuropsychological assessments link?
They link brain functioning with objective measures of behavior.
28
What is the difference between idiographic and nomothetic strategies in clinical assessment?
Idiographic focuses on the individual's unique circumstances, while nomothetic uses general categories for classification.
29
What is the DSM-5-TR?
The DSM-5-TR is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision.
30
True or False: Projective tests have consistently high reliability and validity.
False
31
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a widely used personality inventory for adolescents.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent (MMPI-A)
32
What is the purpose of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2)?
It provides assessments of various personality constructs relevant to children's behavior.
33
What types of functions do neuropsychological assessments usually evaluate?
* Verbal and nonverbal cognitive functions
* Perceptual functions
* Motor functions
* Emotional/executive control functions
34
What is the role of normative data in psychological assessments?
Normative data is used to compare an individual child's scores with those of a reference group.
35
What should clinicians consider when interpreting test scores?
* Testing situation factors
* Cultural and ethnic data deficiencies
* Comparison with peers
36
What is a common criticism of projective tests?
They often lack adequate reliability and validity.
37
True or False: All children should be classified under a diagnostic label for effective treatment.
True
38
What is the focus of neuropsychological assessments in modern practice?
They focus on strengths and deficits in functioning rather than solely on diagnosis.
39
What is the primary advantage of classification in understanding child and family concerns?
It provides a foundation of knowledge to understand and communicate about the child and family, and to select effective interventions.
40
What is a significant challenge in developing a classification system for childhood disorders?
Creating a system that is simple and concise enough to be of practical benefit.
41
What is the standard classification system for childhood disorders in North America?
The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).
42
What concerns have been raised about the DSM regarding childhood disorders?
* Limited coverage of childhood disorders
* Overlap in symptoms across different disorders
* Insensitivity to developmental complexities
43
What is the first approach to diagnosing child psychopathology?
Categorical classification systems.
44
What does a classical categorical approach assume about diagnoses?
Every diagnosis has a clear underlying cause and each disorder is fundamentally different from others.
45
What is a disadvantage of the categorical approach in diagnosing childhood disorders?
Children's behavior seldom falls neatly into established categories.
46
What does the dimensional classification approach assume about child behavior?
Many independent dimensions or traits of behavior exist, and all children possess them to varying degrees.
47
What is an example of a dimension that can be used to describe a child's symptoms?
Dimensions of depression and anxiety.
48
What are some limitations of dimensional classification approaches?
* Dependent on sampling and method
* Challenges in integrating information from various sources
* Insensitivity to contextual influences
49
What are the two main dimensions of child psychopathology identified through research?
* Externalizing behavior
* Internalizing behavior
50
What does the DSM-5-TR include that addresses previous concerns about childhood disorders?
Dimensional ratings of severity for categorical diagnoses.
51
What historical event marked the formal recognition of mental disorders in the ICD?
The addition of a section on mental disorders in the ICD-6 in 1948.
52
What significant change occurred with the publication of DSM-III?
It discarded psychodynamic assumptions in favor of an atheoretical descriptive approach based on observable signs and symptoms.
53
What is one major limitation of the DSM-III-R?
Individuals with the same diagnosis can show very different patterns of symptoms.
54
What does the DSM-5-TR include that is new compared to previous versions?
A new diagnosis called prolonged grief disorder and clarifying modifications to criteria for over 70 disorders.
55
What is a key feature of neurodevelopmental disorders as defined in the DSM-5-TR?
They are thought to first occur in childhood but can continue into adolescence and adulthood.
56
What types of disorders are included under the DSM-5-TR guidelines for children and adolescents?
* Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
* Depressive Disorders
* Bipolar Disorders
* Anxiety Disorders
* Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
* Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
* Feeding and Eating Disorders
* Elimination Disorders
* Sleep-Wake Disorders
* Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorders
57
What is the purpose of DSM-5-TR specifiers?
To describe more homogeneous subgroupings of individuals with the disorder who share particular features.
58
What are DSM-5-TR specifiers used for?
To describe homogeneous subgroupings of individuals with a disorder who share particular features and to communicate relevant treatment information.
59
Give an example of a subtype specifier in DSM-5-TR.
Predominantly inattentive presentation for a child with ADHD.
60
What is the purpose of effective treatments for youths with behavioral and emotional concerns?
To combine the most effective approaches to particular concerns in a developmentally sensitive manner.
61
What is the first step in helping children with psychological concerns?
A thorough clinical assessment and diagnosis.
62
What is the focus of interventions for children like Felicia?
To reduce feelings of depression, eliminate sleep disturbances, increase school attendance, and improve social skills.
63
What should guide the selection of interventions for children?
What we know about the nature, course, associated characteristics, and potential causes of a particular childhood disorder.
64
True or False: Interventions should only focus on treatment without considering prevention.
False.
65
What are the three main types of intervention efforts?
* Prevention
* Treatment
* Maintenance
66
What does prevention in interventions aim to do?
Decrease the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur.
67
What is the ultimate goal of addressing intervention questions for children?
To achieve effective solutions to concerns faced by children and families.
68
What does the cultural compatibility hypothesis state?
Treatment is likely to be more effective when it is compatible with the cultural patterns of the child and family.
69
What is a common approach to achieve cultural competence in therapy for Latine children?
Customizing the treatment to Latine cultural values, beliefs, and customs.
70
List typical treatment goals.
* Reducing symptoms
* Enhancing long-term functioning
* Building adaptation skills
71
What outcomes are related to child functioning?
* Reduction of symptoms
* Enhanced social competence
* Improved academic performance
72
What is a key ethical consideration for clinicians working with children?
The impact of their actions on the child and the responsibilities, rights, and relationships with parents.
73
What should clinicians ensure according to ethical codes?
* Treatment goals are in the best interests of the client
* Client participation is active and voluntary
* Confidentiality is protected
74
What are two laws that have significantly influenced services for children with disabilities?
* Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)
* Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004)
75
What is the trend among practicing clinicians regarding treatment approaches?
More than 70% identify their approach as eclectic, using different methods for different concerns.
76
Fill in the blank: The purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act is to ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a _______.
free, appropriate public education.
77
What is the importance of cultural sensitivity in treatment?
It is associated with better treatment outcomes for children.
78
What does maintenance in interventions refer to?
Efforts to increase adherence to treatment over time to prevent relapse or recurrence of a concern.
79
What is a significant challenge faced by clinicians working with children?
Deciding when a minor can provide informed consent or refuse treatment.
80
What is the relationship between prevention, treatment, and maintenance efforts?
They complement one another by focusing on different stages of problem development.
81
How can interventions be depicted for childhood disorders?
As part of an ongoing decision-making approach.
82
What role does evidence play in determining treatment options?
Data must show that interventions work and are effective.
83
What is the significance of integrating community and social services in treatment?
To aid in the protection and basic needs of children.
84
What is a common approach to treatment for children with ADHD?
Combined treatments of medication and psychosocial interventions.
85
What percentage of practicing clinicians identify their approach as eclectic?
More than 70%
## Footnote
Eclectic approaches mean using different methods for different concerns and circumstances.
86
What are evidence-based interventions?
Empirically supported treatments shown to be efficacious for identified concerns or symptoms
## Footnote
These interventions are recommended for clinicians to decide on treatments.
87
What do psychodynamic approaches focus on?
Helping the child develop awareness of unconscious factors contributing to their concerns
## Footnote
Psychodynamic treatments view child psychopathology as determined by underlying conflicts.
88
How do younger children gain awareness in psychodynamic treatments?
Through play therapy
## Footnote
Older children gain awareness through verbal interactions.
89
What is a key assumption of behavioral treatments?
Many child behaviors are learned
## Footnote
Treatment focuses on re-educating the child using learning theories.
90
What techniques are commonly used in behavioral treatments?
* Positive reinforcement
* Time-out
* Modeling
* Systematic desensitization
## Footnote
These procedures are derived from theories of learning.
91
What do cognitive approaches identify as the cause of problematic child behavior?
Deficits and/or distortions in the child’s thinking
## Footnote
This includes perceptual biases and irrational beliefs.
92
What is the goal of cognitive treatments?
To change faulty cognitions
## Footnote
Changing thoughts is expected to lead to changes in behavior and feelings.
93
What is the main premise of cognitive-behavioral treatments?
Psychological disturbances result from faulty thought patterns and learning experiences
## Footnote
Combines elements of behavioral and cognitive models.
94
What are the major goals of cognitive-behavioral treatment?
* Identify maladaptive cognitions
* Replace them with adaptive ones
* Teach coping strategies
* Help the child regulate their behavior
## Footnote
Treatment focuses on both cognitive and behavioral aspects.
95
What do client-centered approaches emphasize?
The child's capacity for personal growth and adaptive functioning
## Footnote
Social or environmental circumstances may interfere with this capacity.
96
How does a therapist interact with children in client-centered treatments?
In an empathic way, providing unconditional acceptance
## Footnote
This is often achieved through play activities or verbal interactions.
97
What is the focus of family treatments?
Variables operating in the larger family system
## Footnote
Child disorders are viewed as manifestations of disturbances in family relations.
98
What does neurobiological treatment focus on?
Pharmacological and biological approaches to treatment
## Footnote
Based on the premise of neurobiological impairment or dysfunction.
99
What types of medications are commonly used for ADHD?
* Stimulants: Dextroamphetamine, Methylphenidate
* Nonstimulant: Atomoxetine
## Footnote
These medications are used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
100
What are SSRIs typically used for?
* Depression
* School phobias
* Panic attacks
* Anxiety disorders
* Bed-wetting
* Eating disorders
* OCD
* PTSD
## Footnote
SSRIs are generally the frontline medication for children and adolescents with depression.
101
What are the examples of antipsychotic medications?
* First-generation: Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol
* Second-generation: Risperidone, Olanzapine
## Footnote
Used to treat psychotic symptoms and may help with severe anxiety.
102
What are combined treatments?
Use of two or more interventions, each of which can stand alone
## Footnote
These may include different conceptual approaches or derived from the same approach.
103
True or False: The use of psychotropic medications for children has decreased since the late 1980s.
False
## Footnote
There has been a significant increase in the use of these medications.
104
What concerns have been raised regarding medication use in children?
* Frequent use in very young children
* Misuse and abuse by adolescents
## Footnote
These concerns highlight the need for careful monitoring.
105
What is a notable racial/ethnic disparity in prescription medication use for depression?
More than 20% of non-Hispanic White adolescents versus 4% to 9% of Asian, Black, and Latine youths
## Footnote
This indicates differences in access and treatment.
106
What is a combined treatment approach?
The use of multiple interventions, which can be either stand-alone or derived from the same conceptual approach, to address mental health issues.
107
List the five core principles of therapeutic change.
* Feeling Calm
* Increasing Motivation
* Repairing Thoughts
* Solving Behavioral Health Concerns
* Trying the Opposite
108
True or False: Combined treatments can only be used for a single mental health concern.
False
109
What has been shown about school-based universal social and emotional learning programs?
They significantly improve social and emotional skills, attitudes, behavior, and academic performance.
110
What are best practice guidelines?
Systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients with decisions regarding appropriate treatments for specific clinical conditions.
111
What two main approaches are used to develop best practice guidelines?
* Scientific approach
* Expert-consensus approach
112
What does the scientific approach to best practice guidelines emphasize?
Evidence-based treatments (EBTs) that have been shown to be effective in controlled research.
113
What is the probability that a youth who receives psychotherapy fares better than one in a control condition?
63%
114
What is a key finding regarding the effects of psychotherapy after treatment?
The effects continue after treatment, with no significant difference at follow-up compared to immediately after treatment.
115
Fill in the blank: The effects of psychotherapy are about _______ as large for concerns specifically targeted in treatment.
twice
116
What factor moderates the effectiveness of psychotherapy for youths?
The type of problem being treated.
117
What has been found regarding treatment outcomes based on teacher reports?
Treatment effects are generally weakest when based on teacher reports.
118
What is one limitation of psychotherapy for children?
Only a small proportion of treatments demonstrate evidence that they reduce impairment in life functioning.
119
What is the difference between research therapy and clinical therapy?
Research therapy is structured and focused on specific disorders, while clinical therapy is less structured and deals with more severe cases in community settings.
120
True or False: Most evidence-based treatment outcome studies fall under clinical therapy.
False
121
What percentage of children and families with significant mental health needs do not receive specialized assessment or treatment services?
70% to 80%
122
What groups are particularly underserved in mental health services?
* Youths from low-income families
* Children of color
* Those in child welfare and juvenile justice systems
123
What is the goal of new treatment initiatives in children's mental health?
To better serve unrecognized and underserved populations and translate evidence-based practices into real-world settings.
124
List some new delivery models for child mental health services.
* Use of new technologies
* Nontraditional service providers
* Self-help interventions
* Media
* Special settings like schools and primary care
125
What is the aim of the partnerships among stakeholders in children's mental health?
To increase recognition of children's mental health needs and improve service delivery.
126
What is the primary purpose of clinical assessment?
Obtain essential info for making a case formulation that would inform clinical management decisions.
127
What is the focus of idiographic case formulation?
Get a detailed understanding of the individual child or family as a unique entity.
128
What does nomothetic formulation focus on?
Broad general inferences.
129
How should assessments be viewed in relation to interventions?
As closely related processes, not separate.
130
What are the developmental considerations important for assessment?
Knowledge about typical and atypical development.
131
Why is a child's age crucial for assessment and treatment?
It has implications for judgments about developmental expectations and for selecting the right assessment and treatment.
132
What gender differences are observed in the diagnosis of disorders?
* Boys are more likely diagnosed with early-onset ADHD
* Girls more likely diagnosed with adolescent-onset disorders like depression and eating disorders.
133
What is the significance of cultural sensitivity in assessment?
It helps avoid misdiagnosis and ensures appropriate treatment based on cultural context.
134
What are the three common purposes of assessment?
* Description & diagnosis
* Prognosis
* Treatment planning.
135
What does the clinical description in assessment summarize?
Behaviors, thoughts, feelings that make up the features of the psych disorder.
136
What is the difference between taxonomic diagnosis and problem-solving analysis?
* Taxonomic diagnosis: formal assignment to specific categories
* Problem-solving analysis: broader understanding of the nature of the problem.
137
What is prognosis in the context of assessment?
Formulation of predictions about future behaviors under specific conditions.
138
What is a multi-method assessment approach?
Uses information from different people, settings, and methods.
139
What is the purpose of clinical interviews?
Gather information in a flexible way over several sessions.
140
What is the initial approach when interviewing parents?
Use open-ended questions to find out what is most pressing.
141
What should be discussed early in clinical interviews?
Confidentiality.
142
What factors should be included in developmental and family history?
* Child's birth and related events
* Developmental milestones
* Medical history
* Family characteristics
* Interpersonal skills
* Life events history
* Educational history.
143
What is the difference between unstructured and semi-structured interviews?
* Unstructured: low reliability, biased info gathering
* Semi-structured: specific questions consistent across interviews.
144
What can affect a child's willingness to seek treatment?
Cultural norms, taboos, and lack of resources.
145
What is cultural humility?
An approach that keeps an open mind, is curious about understanding experiences, and considers personal biases.
146
What are some examples of cultural factors that should be considered in assessment?
* Ethnicity
* Language
* Religious beliefs
* SES
* Age
* Gender identity.
147
Fill in the blank: The assessment process should be a _______ where all people play an active role.
Collaborative process.
148
True or False: Boys and girls express emotional concerns in the same observable ways.
False.
149
What is the role of normative information in assessment?
Helps understand cultural norms about development and concerning behavior.
150
What should clinicians recognize to avoid generalizations in assessment?
Cultural diversity.
151
What is the purpose of the assessment process for children?
To evaluate a child's behavior and identify any issues
## Footnote
This process can be emotionally challenging for parents.
152
What are the two types of case formulation?
* Idiographic: focuses on the child and family as a unique entity
* Nomothetic: emphasizes general inferences applicable to broad groups
153
What is prognosis in the context of assessment?
Generating predictions regarding future behavior under specified conditions
154
What is the role of treatment planning in assessment?
To create a treatment plan based on assessment information and evaluate its effectiveness
155
What does the principle 'Art rests on science' imply in psychological assessment?
Psychological assessment is informed by scientific principles and methodologies
156
What is the most universally used assessment procedure?
Clinical Interviews
157
What are two types of biases to be aware of during assessments?
* Halo effect
* Confirmatory bias
158
What is behavioral assessment focused on?
Observing the child's behavior directly
159
What are the components of the ABC model in behavioral assessment?
* A: Antecedents
* B: Behavior
* C: Consequences
160
What are some advantages of using checklists and rating scales in assessment?
* Allow comparison to normative samples
* Economical to administer and score
161
What are some problems associated with rating scales?
Lack of agreement between raters may indicate differing perspectives or biases
162
What distinguishes testing from assessment?
Testing refers to standardized conditions while assessment encompasses a broader evaluation
163
What are the indexes of the WISC-V?
* Verbal Comprehension (VCI)
* Visual Spatial (VSI)
* Fluid Reasoning (FRI)
* Working Memory (WM)
* Processing Speed (PSI)
164
What is projective testing?
Presenting ambiguous stimuli to the child to understand their perceptions
165
What are the Big 5 Factors in personality testing?
* Timid-bold
* Agreeable-disagreeable
* Dependable-undependable
* Tense-relaxed
* Reflective-unreflective
166
What is neuropsychological testing aimed at linking?
Brain functioning with objective measures of behavior
167
What is the difference between categorical and dimensional classification?
Categorical classification categorizes disorders while dimensional classification assesses the severity and range of symptoms
168
What is the DSM-5-TR?
A nonaxial system for diagnosing mental disorders with separate notations for psychosocial and contextual factors
169
What are some criticisms of the DSM?
* Fails to capture complex adaptations
* Gives less attention to childhood disorders
* Lacks emphasis on situational factors
* Improperly used for special services qualification
170
What are the pros of diagnostic labels?
* Help clinicians summarize observations
* Facilitate communication
* Aid parental understanding
* Facilitate research
171
What does 'empirically supported treatment' mean?
Treatments proven effective through controlled scientific research
172
What is the dodo bird verdict in psychotherapy?
The idea that all therapies are equally effective
173
What percentage of youth receiving psychotherapy do better than those in control conditions?
63%
174
What are some barriers to accessing psychological treatment?
* Only 1 in 3 adolescents requiring services receive them
* Half of children and adolescents who begin services do not complete them
175
What is the focus of cognitive-behavioral approaches in treatment?
Teaching cognitive and behavioral coping strategies and self-regulation
176
What does the treatment effectiveness of 'empirically supported treatment' include?
* Randomized controlled trials
* Treatment manuals
* Research in independent settings
177
What is an example of a behavioral approach in treatment?
Token economy or parent management training
178
What is the aim of family therapy in treatment?
To address family issues underlying problematic behavior
179
What is a common issue in treatment of childhood disorders?
Treatment effects are often symptom-specific rather than improving overall functioning
180
What is a key consideration for interventions in childhood disorders?
Cultural context of the child and family
CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
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chapter 288
-
Chapter 1373
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chapter 4180
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chapter 14212
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chapter 5279
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chapter 7170
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chapter 6163
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Intellectual Developmental Disorder Lecture23
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Learning Disabilities Lecture31
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ASD Lecture31
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Chapter 8224
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Chapter 9: Conduct Problems47
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders172
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 256
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 338
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 1101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 2101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 379
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Chapter 12: Trauma related disorders107
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Chapter 12 pt 284
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Chapter 9 pt 2162
