1
Q
Children with conduct problems score nearly 8 points lower than their peers on IQ tests. What is the potential IQ deficit for children with childhood-onset CD?
A
More than 15 points
This IQ deficit cannot be solely attributed to socioeconomic disadvantage, race, or police detection.
2
Q
What is consistently lower in children with conduct problems compared to performance IQ?
A
Verbal IQ
This suggests a specific and pervasive deficit in language.
3
Q
Verbal deficits in children with conduct problems may interfere with the development of which skills?
A
- Self-control
- Emotion regulation
- Labeling emotions in others
- Empathy
Impaired language ability can predict later conduct problems.
4
Q
True or false: Verbal deficits alone predict future aggression in children.
A
FALSE
Family factors also play a significant role in the development of conduct problems.
5
Q
Children with both verbal deficits and family adversity display how much more aggressive behavior compared to those with only one factor?
A
Four times as much
Verbal deficits may increase vulnerability to a hostile family environment.
6
Q
Children with conduct problems have difficulty considering the future consequences of their behavior. What deficits do they exhibit?
A
- Inhibiting impulsive behavior
- Keeping social values in mind
- Adapting actions to changing circumstances
These deficits are similar to those of children with ADHD.
7
Q
What are the two types of executive functioning deficits that may differ in children with ODD and CD compared to those with ADHD?
A
- Cool cognitive executive functions
- Hot executive functions
Cool functions involve attention and planning, while hot functions involve incentives and motivation.
8
Q
Children with conduct problems often experience which school difficulties?
A
- Academic underachievement
- Grade retention
- Special education placement
- Dropout
- Suspension
- Expulsion
These difficulties can influence each other over time.
9
Q
What are the two types of family disturbances strongly correlated with conduct problems?
A
- General family disturbances
- Specific disturbances in parenting practices
General disturbances include parental mental health issues and family instability.
10
Q
High levels of conflict and ineffective parenting practices are common in families of children with conduct problems. Name some ineffective practices.
A
- Inconsistent discipline
- Harsh discipline
- Lack of supervision
- Lack of emotional support
- Parental disagreement about discipline
These practices can lead to antisocial behavior.
11
Q
Conflict is especially high between children with conduct problems and their siblings. What can this conflict lead to?
A
Development of later conduct problems
Nonreferred siblings may display similar negative behaviors.
12
Q
Children with conduct problems display verbal and physical aggression toward peers. What is a strong risk factor for adolescent conduct problems?
A
Peer rejection in elementary school
Children rejected for 2 or 3 years by grade 2 are about five times more likely to display conduct problems later.
13
Q
What characterizes friendships between boys who exhibit conduct problems?
A
- Instability
- Coercive behaviors
- Peer encouragement to violate rules
This involvement is a strong predictor of substance use and delinquent behavior.
14
Q
Children with conduct problems often display which types of beliefs and attitudes?
A
- Antisocial beliefs related to rule noncompliance
- Distortions in thinking about social situations
They underestimate their own aggressiveness and overestimate aggression directed at them.
15
Q
Children who are reactive–aggressive often demonstrate a hostile attributional bias. What does this mean?
A
They attribute hostile intent to others, especially in unclear situations
This can lead to emotional overarousal.
16
Q
What is the relationship between maternal hostile attributions and child aggression?
A
Maternal hostile attributions are related to psychosocial adversity and poor parenting behavior
This relationship can influence child aggression at an early age.
17
Q
Research does not support low self-esteem as a primary cause of conduct problems. What is more closely related to conduct problems?
A
An inflated, unstable, and/or tentative view of self
Children with aggressive behavior may overestimate their social competence and acceptance by others.
18
Q
What may lead to aggressive behavior in children with conduct problems?
A
Perceived threat to their biased view of self (e.g., rejection)
Aggressive behavior can serve as a way to avoid a lowering of self-concept.
19
Q
Among youth gang members, self-esteem seems to conform to a pattern where an increment in self-esteem for one member takes away from what is available for others. Who noted this pattern?
A
Anderson (1994)
This suggests a competitive dynamic regarding self-esteem within groups.
20
Q
Youths with conduct problems may experience high self-esteem that allows them to rationalize their antisocial conduct. Who discussed this phenomenon?
A
Menon et al. (2007)
This rationalization can perpetuate their conduct problems.
21
Q
Young people with persistent conduct problems engage in behaviors that place them at high risk for various health issues. Name three of these risks.
A
- Personal injuries
- Drug overdoses
- Sexually transmitted diseases
These behaviors can lead to significant health-related problems in adulthood.
22
Q
Rates of premature death due to various causes are three to four times higher in boys with conduct problems than in boys without these problems. What are some causes of premature death mentioned?
A
- Homicide
- Suicide
- Accidental poisoning
- Traffic accident
- Drug overdose
These causes highlight the severe consequences of conduct problems.
23
Q
Severe antisocial behavior in youth is associated with a heightened risk of death from natural causes later in life, particularly in men. What is one of these natural causes?
A
Cardiovascular disease
Women may face heightened risks from cancer and other causes.
24
Q
Antisocial behavior in childhood predicts an early onset of sexual activity and risk-taking by age 21. Who conducted research on this?
A
Ramrakha et al. (2007); Wymbs et al. (2013)
Early sexual activity increases exposure to risks such as STDs and unwanted pregnancies.
25
Substance-use disorders and adolescent antisocial behavior are strongly associated. What is one behavior that youths who have used or sold drugs are more likely to engage in?
Carrying a handgun
## Footnote
This association highlights the link between substance use and other antisocial behaviors.
26
Adolescent substance abuse is related to imminent dangers such as accidents and violence. Who discussed these dangers?
Gilvarry (2000)
## Footnote
The risks include school dropout and family difficulties.
27
What is a known risk factor for **adolescent substance use**?
Early conduct problems
## Footnote
This relationship is mediated by drug use and delinquency during adolescence.
28
The prevalence of delinquent behavior varies with the severity of substance abuse. What percentage of adolescents who use multiple drugs commit more than 50% of all felony assaults?
About 10%
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the significant impact of substance abuse on criminal behavior.
29
Substance abuse is the strongest predictor of subsequent **violence** in the years following delinquent youth detention. What is the timeframe mentioned?
3 to 5 years
## Footnote
This indicates the long-term consequences of substance abuse on behavior.
30
What percentage of children with **Conduct Disorder (CD)** also have a diagnosis of **ADHD**?
More than 50%
## Footnote
This overlap suggests a significant relationship between the two disorders.
31
Name a possible reason for the overlap between **ADHD** and **CD**.
* Shared predisposing vulnerability
* ADHD as a catalyst for CD
* ADHD leading to childhood onset of CD
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the persistence and escalation of CD.
32
True or false: **ADHD** and **CD** are considered distinct disorders.
TRUE
## Footnote
Research indicates that models including both disorders provide a better fit than those based on a single disorder.
33
What is the relationship between **Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)** and **depression/anxiety** in youths with conduct problems?
ODD best accounts for the connection
## Footnote
This relationship is driven by negative mood symptoms rather than behavioral symptoms of defiance.
34
What outcomes are associated with boys who have **combined conduct and internalizing problems**?
* Poor outcomes in early adulthood
* Highest risk of later psychiatric disorders
* Highest risk of criminal offenses
## Footnote
These outcomes highlight the severity of combined issues.
35
What is the lifetime prevalence estimate for **Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)**?
12%
## Footnote
This includes 13% for males and 11% for females.
36
What is the lifetime prevalence estimate for **Conduct Disorder (CD)**?
8%
## Footnote
This includes 9% for males and 6% for females.
37
What happens to the prevalence rates of **ODD** and **CD** from early childhood to adolescence?
* ODD declines or stays constant
* CD increases
## Footnote
This explains why lifetime prevalence rates are comparable.
38
What paradoxical findings exist regarding **anxiety disorders** and **antisocial outcomes** for children with conduct problems?
* Co-occurring anxiety as a protective factor
* Anxiety increasing risk for later antisocial behavior
## Footnote
These findings suggest a complex relationship between anxiety and conduct problems.
39
What type of anxiety may protect against conduct problems?
Anxiety related to shyness, inhibition, and fear
## Footnote
This contrasts with anxiety associated with negative emotionality and social avoidance.
40
What is the prevalence of **CD** and **ODD** across cultures?
Similar prevalence estimates
## Footnote
Most comparisons have been made between Western countries.
41
At what age do **gender differences** in antisocial behavior become evident?
2 to 3 years
## Footnote
Clear differences in frequency and severity of antisocial behavior are observable by this age.
42
During childhood, rates of **conduct problems** are about how many times higher for boys than for girls?
2 to 4 times
## Footnote
Boys show an earlier age at onset and greater persistence of conduct problems.
43
Boys display more conduct problems and report using more **physical aggression** than girls across what?
Countries throughout the world
## Footnote
This trend is consistent globally.
44
The gender disparity in conduct problems increases through middle childhood, narrows in early adolescence, and increases again in what period?
Late adolescence
## Footnote
This increase occurs when boys are at the peak of their delinquent behavior.
45
What are the early symptoms of **conduct disorder (CD)** for boys?
* Aggression
* Theft
## Footnote
In contrast, early symptoms for girls are usually sexual misbehaviors.
46
Antisocial girls are more likely than others to develop relationships with what type of boys?
Antisocial boys
## Footnote
This can lead to early pregnancy and a spectrum of later problems.
47
Boys remain more **violence-prone** than girls throughout their lifespan. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
Boys are more likely to engage in repeated acts of physical violence.
48
For chronic conduct problems from early childhood to adulthood, what is the male-to-female ratio?
10:1
## Footnote
This ratio indicates a significant gender disparity.
49
For transient forms of antisocial behavior in adolescence, what is the male-to-female ratio?
2:1
## Footnote
This indicates a lesser disparity compared to chronic conduct problems.
50
Physical aggression by girls during childhood does not forecast continued physical violence in adolescence as it does for whom?
Boys
## Footnote
About 25% of teenage girls commit at least one violent act.
51
The sex difference in antisocial behavior has decreased by more than what percentage over the past 60 years?
50%
## Footnote
This suggests changing dynamics in antisocial behavior among genders.
52
What does the **Child Behavioral Checklist** utilize in assessing oppositional and conduct behaviors?
Dichotomous girl and boy categories
## Footnote
Preliminary research indicates that using male/female templates does not significantly impact clinical significance.
53
What factors have been implicated in the **gender differences** in antisocial behavior?
* Genetic factors
* Neurobiological factors
* Environmental risk factors
## Footnote
These factors may differ qualitatively for males and females.
54
When girls are angry, they are more likely to use what forms of aggression?
* Indirect forms
* Relational aggression
## Footnote
Examples include verbal insults, gossip, and ostracism.
55
As girls move into adolescence, the function of their aggressive behavior increasingly revolves around what?
Group acceptance and affiliation
## Footnote
For boys, aggression remains confrontational.
56
Fewer differences in antisocial behaviors exist between boys and girls referred for treatment than for whom?
Children in community samples
## Footnote
Boys typically engage in more overt antisocial behavior.
57
What percentage of girls with conduct disorder (CD) have an age at onset prior to age 10?
90%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights early onset in girls.
58
Further study of **relational aggression** and callous–unemotional features in girls may help detect what at a younger age?
Conduct disorder (CD)
## Footnote
This could lead to earlier intervention and support.
59
What do longitudinal studies reveal about **antisocial patterns**?
They reveal both a general developmental progression and important variations
## Footnote
This understanding is based on research by Frick & Viding (2009).
60
What are early signs of **conduct problems** in children?
* Difficult temperament
* Fussiness
* Irritability
* Irregular sleeping and eating patterns
* Fearfulness in response to novel events
## Footnote
Early signs are usually not obvious, as noted by Kazdin (1995).
61
Fussiness in the first year of life is a stronger predictor of later conduct problems in **which gender**?
Boys
## Footnote
Fearfulness is a stronger predictor for girls (Lahey et al., 2008).
62
During preschool years, children with a difficult temperament may display an increase in **what behaviors**?
* Hyperactivity
* Impulsivity
* Oppositional behaviors
* Aggressive behaviors
## Footnote
These behaviors peak during preschool years (Tremblay, 2000).
63
What are common characteristics of preschoolers with **Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)**?
* Stubbornness
* Temper tantrums
* Irritability
* Spitefulness
## Footnote
These problems remain stable from ages 2 to 5.
64
What factors during early childhood are strong indicators of future behavior problems?
* Discipline problems
* Poor self-control
* Harsh parenting
* High levels of stress
## Footnote
These factors can lead to negative outcomes across life functioning (Fergusson, Boden, & Horwood, 2013).
65
What is the **snowballing negative cycle** in antisocial behavior?
* Peer rejection leads to social–cognitive deficits
* Social–cognitive deficits lead to aggression
* Aggression leads to peer rejection
## Footnote
This cycle highlights the dynamic nature of antisocial behavior progression (Lansford et al., 2010).
66
At what age does delinquent behavior typically peak?
Around age 17
## Footnote
This peak is followed by a dramatic drop in late adolescence and young adulthood.
67
True or false: Every young child with conduct problems will become a delinquent adolescent.
FALSE
## Footnote
About 50% of children with early conduct problems improve over time.
68
What are the two common pathways to the development of **antisocial behavior**?
* Life-course–persistent (LCP) path
* Adolescent-limited (AL) path
## Footnote
These pathways illustrate different trajectories of conduct problems (Moffitt, 2006).
69
What characterizes the **life-course–persistent (LCP)** path?
* Early aggression and antisocial behavior
* Continuation into adulthood
* Consistency in behavior across situations
## Footnote
LCP individuals often face greater social adversity (Moffitt, 1996).
70
What behaviors do youths on the **adolescent-limited (AL)** path typically display?
* Temporary conduct problems during adolescence
* Less extreme antisocial behavior
* Stronger family ties
## Footnote
Their delinquent activity is often related to peer influences (Hamalainen & Pulkkinen, 1996).
71
What are **snares** in the context of antisocial behavior?
* Unplanned parenthood
* Dropping out of school
* Addiction to drugs or alcohol
* Unemployment
* Severed family connections
## Footnote
Snares can limit opportunities for recovery (Moffitt et al., 1994).
72
What does the identification of LCP and AL pathways help us understand?
Why adult antisocial behavior is often preceded by childhood and adolescent antisocial behavior
## Footnote
Most antisocial adolescents do not become antisocial adults (Brame et al., 2001).
73
What is a common outcome for youths on the **LCP path** as they reach early adulthood?
Stability in antisocial behavior
## Footnote
They continue on the same road, unlike those on the AL path.
74
What percentage of **former children with conduct behaviors** desist from offending by their late 20s?
85%
## Footnote
Most children with conduct problems do not grow up to be antisocial adults.
75
What factors influence **adult outcomes** for children with conduct problems?
* Type and variety of conduct problems
* Number and combination of risk and promotive factors
## Footnote
Adult outcomes can vary significantly based on these factors.
76
True or false: Most children with conduct problems show a course of recovery in terms of their **antisocial difficulties**.
TRUE
## Footnote
However, early behavior can lead to increased risk for other psychiatric problems and poor functioning in adulthood.
77
What are some common **adult outcomes** for children on the LCP path?
* Criminal behavior
* Psychiatric problems
* Social maladjustment
* Health problems
* Poor parenting
## Footnote
These outcomes can lead to a cycle of risk for the next generation.
78
What is the strongest predictor of **adverse outcomes** in adult functioning among childhood disorders?
Conduct Disorder (CD)
## Footnote
CD is associated with significant long-term consequences.
79
What percentage of adult women arrested for severe conduct problems in adolescence continued to display these problems?
Majority
## Footnote
Many had depressive and anxiety disorders, and a significant portion experienced other negative outcomes.
80
What are the differences in **adult outcomes** between males and females with conduct problems?
* Males: higher risk for criminal behavior, work problems, substance abuse
* Females: more likely to experience depression, suicidal behavior, health problems
## Footnote
These differences highlight the varied impacts of conduct problems based on gender.
81
What do adoption and twin studies indicate about the variance in **antisocial behavior**?
50% or more is attributable to heredity
## Footnote
This applies to both males and females.
82
What factors may influence genetic contributions to **antisocial behavior**?
* Sex of the child
* Type of antisocial behavior
* Child’s age and pubertal status
## Footnote
Genetic influences can vary significantly based on these factors.
83
What is the relationship between **maternal antisocial behavior** and early CU child behaviors?
Predictive at 27 months
## Footnote
This occurs even with little or no contact between mother and child.
84
What role does **positive parenting** play in relation to heritable risk for CU behaviors?
Can reduce heritable risk
## Footnote
Positive reinforcement from adoptive mothers can mitigate risks associated with maternal antisocial behavior.
85
What are some pathways through which **genetic risks** for antisocial behavior may operate?
* Difficult temperament
* Lack of response to distress
* Impulsivity
* Exposure to environmental risk factors
## Footnote
These pathways help explain the development of antisocial behavior.
86
What gene variant is particularly associated with **aggression** and antisocial behavior?
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)
## Footnote
This gene is related to neural systems involved in aggression.
87
What is the impact of **maltreatment** on children with a low-active MAOA genotype?
Higher likelihood of developing antisocial behavior
## Footnote
This highlights the interaction between genetics and environmental factors.
88
What environmental factors can lead to **DNA modifications** impacting behavior?
* Poor nutrition
* Neurotoxins
* Maternal care
## Footnote
These factors can affect stress response and dopamine functioning.
89
What pregnancy and birth factors are related to the development of **serious conduct problems**?
* Low birth weight
* Malnutrition during pregnancy
* Exposure to lead
* Maternal substance use
## Footnote
These factors are correlated with later conduct problems.
90
What is the relationship between **maternal alcohol use** during pregnancy and child conduct problems?
Greater alcohol consumption increases risk
## Footnote
This correlation highlights the impact of prenatal factors on child behavior.
91
What role does **maternal alcohol use** during pregnancy play in child conduct problems?
Greater alcohol consumption increases the risk of child conduct problems
## Footnote
Studies indicate a correlation between maternal alcohol use and conduct issues in children.
92
True or false: There is strong evidence of **direct biological causation** between pregnancy factors and conduct problems.
FALSE
## Footnote
Evidence suggests that correlations exist, but direct causation is lacking.
93
What are the two subsystems of the brain proposed by **Gray (1987)** related to behavioral patterns?
* Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
* Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
## Footnote
BAS stimulates behavior in response to rewards, while BIS inhibits behavior in the presence of threats.
94
How is the **BAS** similar to a vehicle component?
Similar to a gas pedal
## Footnote
It stimulates behavior in response to rewards.
95
How is the **BIS** similar to a vehicle component?
Similar to a brake pedal
## Footnote
It inhibits behavior in response to threats or punishment.
96
What behavioral pattern may result from an **overactive BAS** and an **underactive BIS**?
Antisocial patterns of behavior
## Footnote
This pattern is often determined by genetic predisposition.
97
Children with conduct problems show heightened sensitivity to **rewards** and fail to respond to **punishment**. True or false?
TRUE
## Footnote
This behavior is consistent with an overactive BAS and underactive BIS.
98
What physiological characteristics are associated with children who have an **early onset of aggressive symptoms**?
* Low psychophysiological arousal
* Low reactivity of the autonomic nervous system
## Footnote
These factors may lead to diminished avoidance learning and a fearless temperament.
99
What brain regions show structural and functional differences in youths with **conduct disorders**?
* Amygdala
* Prefrontal cortex
* Posterior and anterior cingulate
* Insula
## Footnote
These regions are involved in processing social and emotional information.
100
What is the significance of the **amygdala** in children with conduct disorders?
It is involved in reading emotions and empathy
## Footnote
Studies show a reduction in amygdala size in teens with conduct disorders.
101
What does the study by **Fairchild et al. (2011)** suggest about brain differences in early-onset versus adolescent-onset conduct disorders?
Both groups may display similar brain abnormalities
## Footnote
This challenges the notion that early-onset CD is purely neurodevelopmental.
102
What are the three neural circuits involved in **conduct problems**?
* Subcortical neural systems for aggression
* Prefrontal cortex decision-making circuits
* Frontoparietal regions for emotion regulation
## Footnote
These circuits contribute to cognitive, social, and emotional differences in conduct problems.
103
What is the impact of reduced **default mode network (DMN)** connectivity in adolescents with conduct disorders?
Contributes to deficits in self-referential cognitive processes
## Footnote
This includes empathy and moral reasoning.
104
What are some **family factors** associated with children’s conduct problems?
* Early maternal age at childbearing
* Poor or inconsistent disciplinary practices
* Overly harsh discipline
* Lack of parental supervision
* Lack of affection
* Marital conflict
* Family isolation
* Violence in the home
## Footnote
These factors can contribute to the development of conduct problems in children.
105
True or false: **Positive parenting practices** can reduce the influence of a child's genotype on later antisocial behavior.
TRUE
## Footnote
Negative parenting practices can have the opposite effect.
106
What is the relationship between **family difficulties** and the development of ODD and CD?
* Stronger association for children on the LCP path
* Combination of individual child risk factors and family management deficits
## Footnote
ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder; CD: Conduct Disorder.
107
Fill in the blank: **Physical abuse** is a strong risk factor for later __________ behavior.
aggressive
## Footnote
Deficits in the child’s social information processing may result from physical abuse.
108
What factors may affect the consequences of **marital conflict** on children’s aggressive behavior?
* Parents’ unavailability
* Inconsistent or harsh discipline
* Lax monitoring
* Child's interpretation of conflict
## Footnote
The type of conflict between parents also plays a significant role.
109
What type of parental conflict is a stronger predictor of later conduct problems?
Hostility between parents
## Footnote
This is more predictive than interparental disengagement or low levels of cooperation.
110
Fill in the blank: Contact with an **absent father** after the breakup of parents' marriage can be either a risk or a __________ factor for conduct problems.
protective
## Footnote
This depends on whether the father is antisocial.
111
What concept explains the interplay between a child's behavior and parental responses?
Reciprocal influence
## Footnote
This means the child’s behavior influences and is influenced by the behavior of others.
112
True or false: Child behaviors typically exert less influence on parenting behaviors than the reverse.
FALSE
## Footnote
Child behaviors often exert greater influence on parenting behaviors.
113
What does **coercion theory** suggest about parent-child interactions?
They provide a training ground for the development of conduct problems
## Footnote
This occurs through a four-step, escape-conditioning sequence.
114
What is a **reinforcement trap** in the context of coercive parent-child interactions?
A cycle where all family members become trapped by the consequences of their own behaviors
## Footnote
Mothers of antisocial children are less likely to enforce demands.
115
How do **callous-unemotional traits** affect the relationship between parenting and conduct problems?
Ineffective parenting relates to conduct problems only in children rated low on CU traits
## Footnote
Children with CU traits display significant conduct problems regardless of parenting quality.
116
What do attachment theories emphasize regarding children’s attachment to parents?
It determines their eventual identification with parental values, beliefs, and standards
## Footnote
Secure bonds promote conformity and reduce antisocial behavior.
117
Fill in the blank: Children with conduct problems often show little internalization of parent and societal __________.
standards
## Footnote
Compliance may occur due to perceived threats rather than genuine adherence.
118
What is the relationship between **insecure attachments** and conduct problems?
There is a relationship, particularly for children with disorganized attachments
## Footnote
However, it is unclear if attachment quality alone predicts conduct problem severity.
119
What is the relationship between **family instability** and a child's risk for conduct problems?
* Heightened risk for conduct problems
* Academic problems
* Anxiety and depression
* Association with deviant peers
* Criminal conviction
## Footnote
Family instability often includes frequent transitions, such as changes in parents and residence.
120
True or false: **Divorce** has no impact on a child's conduct problems.
FALSE
## Footnote
The impact of divorce is related to family disruption and conflict that accompany it.
121
List some factors associated with **high family stress** that relate to childhood conduct problems.
* Unemployment
* Low SES
* Multiple family transitions
* Poverty
## Footnote
Poverty is one of the strongest predictors of children having conduct disorder (CD) and high rates of criminal activities.
122
What does the **amplifier hypothesis** state regarding stress and parenting?
* Stress amplifies maladaptive predispositions of parents
* Disrupts family management practices
* Compromises parents' ability to support their children
## Footnote
This hypothesis highlights the interaction between parental stress and parenting effectiveness.
123
How does **neighborhood poverty** correlate with children's behavior?
* Higher rates of criminal behavior
* Exposure to maladaptive/criminal behaviors in social environment
## Footnote
This indicates the role of environmental norms on the development of conduct problems.
124
What are some **parental factors** associated with children's conduct problems?
* Higher rates of arrests
* Motor vehicle violations
* License suspensions
* Substance abuse
## Footnote
Parents of antisocial children often exhibit these behaviors.
125
Fill in the blank: **Aggressive and antisocial tendencies** run in families, within and across _______.
generations
## Footnote
This indicates a hereditary aspect of conduct problems.
126
What are some **adverse contextual factors** associated with poor parenting?
* Low SES
* Coercive and inconsistent discipline
* Poor parental monitoring
## Footnote
These factors contribute to early onset of antisocial behavior.
127
What is the **social selection hypothesis**?
* People moving into neighborhoods differ from one another before arrival
* Those who remain differ from those who leave
## Footnote
This hypothesis explains how antisocial traits can influence neighborhood dynamics.
128
What are the effects of **community characteristics** on crime and delinquency?
* Reinforced by neighborhood social disorganization
* Few local friendship networks
* Low participation in community organizations
## Footnote
These characteristics can lead to ineffective supervision and control of teenage peer groups.
129
True or false: A positive school experience can be a protective factor against the development of antisocial behaviors.
TRUE
## Footnote
A good school environment can partially compensate for poor family circumstances.
130
What are some characteristics of a **good school environment**?
* Clear requirements for homework completion
* High academic expectations
* Clear and consistent discipline policies
* Incentives for appropriate behavior and achievement
## Footnote
These characteristics have been linked to reductions in children's conduct problems.
131
What did the **APA task force** conclude about violent video games and violent behavior?
* Small, reliable association with specific aggressive outcomes
* Insufficient evidence for a causal link to severe violent behaviors
## Footnote
The task force cautioned against attributing real-life violence solely to violent video gaming.
132
Rates of **antisocial behavior** vary widely across and within cultures. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
Rates do not necessarily correlate with technological gains, material wealth, or population density.
133
The United States has homicide rates about ______ times higher than those in Europe.
5
## Footnote
The U.S. is the most violent of all industrialized nations.
134
Youth homicide rates in the United States are ______ to ______ times higher than rates in similar high-income countries.
3 to 40
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the severity of youth violence in the U.S.
135
Studies have reported either no or very small differences in conduct problems related specifically to **race or ethnicity** when controlling for which factors?
* SES
* Gender
* Age
* Referral status
## Footnote
This suggests that disparities in conduct problems are likely related to broader socioeconomic factors.
136
What factors are likely related to higher rates of externalizing problems among diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds?
* Economic hardship
* Limited employment opportunities
* Structural racism
* Implicit racial bias
* Residence in high-risk urban neighborhoods
* Membership in antisocial gangs
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the prevalence of antisocial behavior.
137
Children with high levels of **family support** in dangerous neighborhoods show ______ antisocial behaviors than those with low or no family support.
fewer
## Footnote
Family support plays a crucial role in mitigating antisocial behavior.
138
The risk for conduct disorder (CD) varies according to migration status and exposure to **American culture**. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
For example, Mexican American children of U.S.-born parents have a higher risk compared to children of Mexican-born immigrants.
139
What does **Parent Management Training (PMT)** aim to change?
* Child's behavior
* Parent's behavior
## Footnote
PMT focuses on improving parent-child interactions to reduce antisocial behavior.
140
PMT has been evaluated more than any other treatment for ______ problems.
conduct
## Footnote
Its effectiveness in producing changes in behavior is well-documented.
141
The average child whose parents participate in PMT shows better adjustment after treatment than ______ of referred children whose parents do not participate.
80%
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the effectiveness of PMT.
142
PMT has been most effective with parents of children younger than ______ years of age.
12
## Footnote
Its effectiveness decreases with older adolescents.
143
What are some adaptations developed for working with older adolescents and their families in PMT?
* Focus on parenting/family relationships
* Address adolescents' cognitive skills
* Enhance peer relations
* Improve school involvement
## Footnote
These adaptations aim to meet the needs of older adolescents.
144
Digital-based parent training programs have been developed to engage ______ families.
low-income
## Footnote
These programs include skills videos, surveys, and reminders to enhance participation.
145
Parents often believe they use good parenting practices, but their child fails to respond. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
This belief can hinder the success of PMT.
146
What is **Problem-solving skills training (PSST)** focused on?
* Cognitive deficiencies
* Distortions in interpersonal situations
## Footnote
PSST is used to address conduct problems in children and adolescents.
147
PSST teaches children to use five problem-solving steps to identify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in ______ situations.
problem social
## Footnote
This training aims to improve social interactions.
148
Multisystemic therapy (MST) is an intensive treatment for adolescents with severe conduct problems that make out-of-home placement highly likely. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
MST addresses interconnected social systems affecting the adolescent.
149
MST seeks to empower caregivers to improve youth and family functioning. What are some of the systems it addresses?
* Family
* School
* Neighborhood
* Court and juvenile services
## Footnote
MST involves multiple stakeholders in the child's life.
150
MST has been found to reduce rates of criminal behavior for as long as ______ years after treatment.
5
## Footnote
This long-term effectiveness is a significant advantage of MST.
151
MST is cost-effective, with costs at least ______ times less than conventional interventions.
10
## Footnote
Its estimated savings are about $10 to $20 for each dollar spent.
152
MST is the only home-based treatment that qualifies as a well-established treatment for adolescents with conduct problems and juvenile justice involvement. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
It is also considered probably efficacious for youth without juvenile justice system involvement.
153
What is the main focus of **preventive interventions** for conduct problems?
* Early intervention
* Intensive home- and school-based interventions
* Tailored PMT for preschool-age children
## Footnote
These interventions aim to counteract negative developmental histories and promote positive outcomes.
154
According to preventive interventions, conduct problems can be treated more easily in **younger** than in **older** children. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
Early intervention is believed to limit or prevent escalating developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior.
155
What are the expected long-term benefits of preventive interventions for conduct problems?
* Reduce costs to educational systems
* Reduce costs to criminal justice systems
* Reduce costs to health and mental health systems
## Footnote
These interventions aim to address the broader societal impacts of conduct problems.
156
What are the **five integrated treatment components** used in the Fast Track program?
* Parent management training
* Home visiting/case management
* Social–cognitive skills training
* Academic tutoring
* Teacher-based classroom intervention
## Footnote
These components are designed to address various aspects of a child's development and behavior.
157
The **Fast Track** intervention was directed at which group of children?
High-risk kindergarten children
## Footnote
The program targeted children identified by disruptive behavior and poor peer relations.
158
What was the impact of the Fast Track intervention on children with the highest initial risk for conduct problems?
* Prevented 75% of CD cases
* Reduced disruptive behaviors
* Enhanced social competence
## Footnote
The intervention was particularly effective for children in the top 3% of risk.
159
What were the long-term outcomes for youths assigned to the Fast Track program at age 25?
* Lower rates of externalizing disorders
* Lower rates of antisocial personality disorder
* Lower rates of substance use disorders
## Footnote
These outcomes indicate the program's effectiveness in preventing serious chronic antisocial behavior.
160
What is a significant challenge in treating children with severe conduct problems?
Need for intensive, long-term interventions
## Footnote
Children from dysfunctional homes and poor neighborhoods may benefit very little from standard interventions.
161
Fill in the blank: The **Incredible Years** program uses _______ as a foundation for training.
interactive videotapes
## Footnote
This method allows for widespread use at a relatively low cost.
162
What is the conclusion regarding the success of interventions for antisocial behavior?
Depends on the type and severity of conduct problems
## Footnote
Children from healthier backgrounds may benefit more than those from dysfunctional environments.
CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
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chapter 288
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Chapter 1373
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chapter 4180
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chapter 14212
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chapter 5279
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chapter 7170
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chapter 6163
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Intellectual Developmental Disorder Lecture23
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Learning Disabilities Lecture31
-
ASD Lecture31
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Chapter 8224
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Chapter 9: Conduct Problems47
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders172
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 256
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 338
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 1101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 2101
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Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 379
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Chapter 12: Trauma related disorders107
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Chapter 12 pt 284
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Chapter 9 pt 2162
