Chapter 13

Question 1

What are Dyssomnias?

Answer 1

Disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep

Dyssomnias are characterized by difficulty getting enough sleep, not sleeping when one wants to, and not feeling refreshed from sleep.

Question 2

What is the primary function of sleep during early years of development?

Answer 2

Sleep is the primary activity of the brain during early years of development.

Question 3

True or False: Sleep disorders can cause other psychological problems.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What two types of sleep disorders are mentioned?

Answer 4

• Dyssomnias
• Parasomnias

Question 5

Fill in the blank: Sleep deprivation impairs functioning of the _______.

Answer 5

prefrontal cortex

Question 6

What are some common features of sleep disorders?

Answer 6

• Abnormalities in the body’s ability to regulate sleep-wake mechanisms
• Issues with the timing of sleep

Question 7

What types of problems do infants and toddlers commonly experience regarding sleep?

Answer 7

Increased night-waking problems

Question 8

What is the increased sleep need during adolescence often accompanied by?

Answer 8

Sleep deprivation

Question 9

What is a common behavioral intervention for treating circadian rhythm disorders?

Answer 9

Identifying suspected causes of disrupted sleep

Question 10

What is the goal of behavioral intervention for sleep disorders?

Answer 10

• Eliminate sleep deprivation
• Restore a more normal sleep and wake routine

Question 11

What is Enuresis?

Answer 11

Repeated voiding of urine, involuntary or intentional, 2x/week for 3 months.

Question 12

What is the most common type of enuresis?

Answer 12

Nocturnal enuresis

Question 13

What age must a child be to be diagnosed with Enuresis?

Answer 13

5 years or older

Question 14

What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Enuresis?

Answer 14

• Primary Enuresis: Continence lasting 6 months or more has not been achieved
• Secondary Enuresis: Child continent for at least six months and bladder control is subsequently lost

Question 15

What is Encopresis?

Answer 15

The passage of feces into inappropriate places at least once per month for 3 months in a child at least 4 years old.

Question 16

What are the two DSM subtypes of Encopresis?

Answer 16

• With constipation
• Without constipation and overflow incontinence

Question 17

What is a common treatment for Encopresis?

Answer 17

Use of fiber, enemas, or laxatives to treat the constipation.

Question 18

What psychological issues are likely related to Encopresis?

Answer 18

Psychological problems likely result from, rather than cause it.

Question 19

What should parents of sleepwalkers do to ensure safety?

Answer 19

Take precautions to avoid chances of the child being injured.

Question 20

What is a recommended strategy for treating nightmares?

Answer 20

Provide comfort at the time of the occurrence and attempt to reduce daytime stressors.

Question 21

What did Greek philosophers suggest was the cause of pain and disease?

Answer 21

An imbalance of basic elements

Question 22

During the medieval period, what was thought to cause mental and physical illness?

Answer 22

Demonic possession

Question 23

Who suggested hysteria and conversion disorders in adults in the late 19th century?

Answer 23

Freud and Charcot

Question 24

What is the term for disorders caused by physical factors that were previously called psychosomatic?

Answer 24

[psychophysiological]

Question 25

What major breakthrough occurred in the mid-1990s regarding child mental health?

Answer 25

The Adverse Childhood Experience Study (ACE)

Question 26

What is the relationship between the number of ACEs and health outcomes in adults?

Answer 26

Higher number of ACEs leads to more negative health outcomes

Question 27

What can sleep-wake and elimination disorders illustrate?

Answer 27

How physical symptoms could be misattributed to psychological causes

Question 28

What was advised in the 1920s regarding children's bowel movements?

Answer 28

Parents were advised to force children to have bowel movements on a strict schedule

Question 29

What was the change in approach to toilet training in the 1940s?

Answer 29

More sensitive approach allowing children's maturity to dictate changes

Question 30

What area of psychology focuses on how children adapt to stressors affecting their health?

Answer 30

Pediatric health psychology

Question 31

What role does sleep play in brain development and regulation?

Answer 31

Sleep problems can affect physical and mental health

Question 32

True or False: Sleep problems always cause psychological disorders.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

What is the relationship between sleep problems and psychological disorders?

Answer 33

The relationship is bidirectional

Question 34

What brain region is implicated in sleep deprivation affecting cognitive functions?

Answer 34

Prefrontal cortex

Question 35

What are the two main categories of sleep-wake disorders?

Answer 35

* Dyssomnias * Parasomnias

Question 36

Define dyssomnias.

Answer 36

Disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep

Question 37

Define parasomnias.

Answer 37

Sleep disorders where behavioral or physiological events impact ongoing sleep

Question 38

What sleep problems are common in infants?

Answer 38

Night-waking problems

Question 39

What sleep problems do adolescents often face?

Answer 39

Insomnia or not getting enough sleep

Question 40

What percentage of children experience nocturnal enuresis by age 10?

Answer 40

Approximately 3%

Question 41

What is nocturnal enuresis?

Answer 41

Involuntary discharge of urine during sleep

Question 42

What is diurnal enuresis?

Answer 42

The passage of urine during waking hours

Question 43

What is the most common subtype of enuresis?

Answer 43

Nocturnal only

Question 44

What treatment is commonly used for nocturnal enuresis?

Answer 44

Behavioral intervention using an alarm

Question 45

What developmental factor affects nocturnal enuresis?

Answer 45

Deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 46

What is the prevalence of diurnal enuresis in 6-year-olds?

Answer 46

3%

Question 47

What psychological impacts can enuresis have on children?

Answer 47

* Limitations on social activities * Effects on self-esteem * Parental reactions

Question 48

What is the first-line behavioral intervention for enuresis?

Answer 48

Bell and pad alarm system

Question 49

What does the term 'dry-bed training' refer to?

Answer 49

Operant conditioning method using reward systems

Question 50

What must an adult do when the alarm goes off for a child with enuresis?

Answer 50

Wake child up, walk them to the bathroom, get them to finish urinating, and then reset the alarm.

Question 51

How long does it typically take for a child to master nighttime bladder control using the alarm method?

Answer 51

12 weeks.

Question 52

What behavioral method is based on operant conditioning for treating enuresis?

Answer 52

Dry-bed training.

Question 53

What are the components of dry-bed training?

Answer 53

* Use reward systems * Parents trained in bladder retention control * Hourly wakings for toilet * Cleanup routine for accidents * Positive reinforcement for dry nights.

Question 54

What is the success rate of dry-bed training combined with an alarm?

Answer 54

About 3 in 4 children.

Question 55

What is the relapse rate for enuresis treatment after 1 year?

Answer 55

10%.

Question 56

What medication was previously used to treat enuresis?

Answer 56

Desmopressin (synthetic ADH).

Question 57

What percentage of children can avoid bed-wetting with desmopressin?

Answer 57

About 70%.

Question 58

What is the relapse rate after stopping desmopressin?

Answer 58

Can be as high as 80%.

Question 59

What is the most effective intervention for enuresis?

Answer 59

Urine alarm.

Question 60

After how many weeks using a urine alarm are children equally likely to have stopped bed-wetting as those treated with desmopressin?

Answer 60

12 weeks.

Question 61

True or False: Psychological treatments like urine alarms are less effective than pharmacological treatments.

Answer 61

False.

Question 62

What is encopresis?

Answer 62

Passage of feces in inappropriate places like clothing or on the floor.

Question 63

What are the diagnostic criteria for encopresis?

Answer 63

* Occurs at least once per month for at least 3 months * Child must be 4 years old or older * Must not be due to a general medical condition.

Question 64

What common condition often results in encopresis?

Answer 64

Constipation that produces fecal impaction.

Question 65

What is the prevalence of encopresis in 5-year-olds?

Answer 65

Around 1%.

Question 66

What are the two types of encopresis?

Answer 66

* Primary * Secondary.

Question 67

What psychological challenges are associated with encopresis?

Answer 67

1 in 5 kids with it have psychological challenges.

Question 68

What factors may cause encopresis?

Answer 68

* Overly aggressive or early toilet training * Family disturbance * Stress.

Question 69

What is the best approach to treat encopresis?

Answer 69

Medical and behavioral interventions to help the child empty the colon.

Question 70

Fill in the blank: Encopresis is often caused by _______ that leads to fecal impaction.

Answer 70

Constipation.

Question 71

What behavioral methods can be used in the treatment of encopresis?

Answer 71

* Teaching toilet-training procedures * Parental praise * Regular toilet times.

Question 72

What is the outcome for most kids with encopresis after 2 weeks of treatment with laxatives and behavioral methods?

Answer 72

Most improve.

Question 73

What percentage of children maintain improvement after treatment for encopresis?

Answer 73

Over 75%.