1
Q
What does learning disability (LD) refer to?
A
Learning problems occurring in the absence of other obvious conditions
LD affects how individuals with average or above-average intelligence take in, retain, or express information.
2
Q
In the DSM-5-TR, what two specific terms are used related to learning disabilities?
A
- Communication disorders
- Learning disorders
These terms clarify the broader concept of learning disabilities.
3
Q
True or false: A learning disability is visible and easily detected in young children.
A
FALSE
Learning disabilities are often undetected in young children.
4
Q
What percentage of children in the United States and Canada receiving special education services have learning disabilities?
A
One third
This statistic highlights the prevalence of learning disabilities among children needing special education.
5
Q
Learning disabilities can impede a child’s ability to learn in which areas?
A
- Reading
- Writing
- Math
They can also affect work, daily routines, family life, and friendships.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Learning disability is a lay term that refers to significant problems in mastering one or more of the following skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and __________.
A
mathematics
Learning disabilities do not include visual, hearing, or physical impairments.
7
Q
What is a communication disorder?
A
Deficits in language, speech, and communication
This includes language disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder, and social (pragmatic) communication disorder.
8
Q
What is the main characteristic shared by all children with learning disorders?
A
Failing to perform at their expected level in school
Symptoms of learning disorders can vary tremendously.
9
Q
What does specific learning disorder refer to?
A
Specific problems in learning and using academic skills
It includes impairments in reading, mathematics, and written expression.
10
Q
Who first noted the unexpected pattern of strengths and weaknesses in learning during the late nineteenth century?
A
Franz Joseph Gall
He observed this pattern in brain-injured patients who had lost the capacity to express feelings through speech.
11
Q
What did Strauss and Werner (1943) contribute to the understanding of learning?
A
Children learn in individual ways
This challenges the concept that learning is uniform and predictable.
12
Q
What movement began in the early 1960s regarding learning disabilities?
A
The modern learning disabilities movement
It aimed to provide special education services for children not fitting the definition of intellectual developmental disorder.
13
Q
What is the Response to Intervention (RTI) movement?
A
Views learning disabilities in terms of academic help needed
It emphasizes support rather than labeling disabilities.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: Learning disabilities are often characterized by an unexpected discrepancy between measured ability and actual __________.
A
performance
This discrepancy has been a foundation for definitions of learning disorders.
15
Q
From birth, infants selectively attend to parental speech sounds and soon learn to communicate with _______.
A
basic gestures and sounds
By their first birthday, infants can recognize several words and use a few of their own to express needs and emotions.
16
Q
By their first birthday, infants can recognize several words and use a few of their own to express their _______.
A
needs and emotions
Their language development proceeds at an exponential pace over the next 2 years.
17
Q
Adults play an important role in encouraging language development by providing _______.
A
clear examples of language
Adults also enjoy the child’s expressions.
18
Q
Language consists of phonemes, which are the _______ that make up language.
A
basic sounds
Examples include sharp ba’s and da’s and drawn-out ee’s and ss’s.
19
Q
When a child hears a phoneme repeatedly, receptors in the ear stimulate the formation of dedicated connections to the brain’s _______.
A
auditory cortex
This process helps infants learn to discriminate among different phonemes.
20
Q
By 6 months, children of English-speaking parents have auditory maps different from infants in _______.
A
non-English-speaking homes
This difference is measured by neuron activity in response to different sounds.
21
Q
By their first birthday, the perceptual maps are complete, and infants are less able to discriminate sounds that are not important in their own _______.
A
language
This rapid development of perceptual maps affects language learning.
22
Q
Learning a second language after the first is more difficult because brain connections are already wired for _______.
A
English
Remaining neurons are less able to form new connections for other languages.
23
Q
Once the basic circuitry is established, infants can turn sounds into _______.
A
words
The more words they hear, the faster they learn language.
24
Q
The sounds of words serve to strengthen and expand _______ that can then process more words.
A
neural connections
Similar cortical maps are formed for other refined skills, such as musical ability.
25
A young child who learns to play a musical instrument strengthens the neural circuits needed for the development of _______.
reading ability
## Footnote
This connection is supported by research (Flaugnacco et al., 2015).
26
What is **phonological awareness**?
A broad construct that includes recognizing the relationship between sounds and letters, detecting rhyme and alliteration, and manipulating sounds within syllables in words
## Footnote
It serves as a prerequisite for basic reading skills.
27
What are the **milestones of language development** that some children may not progress through normally?
* Using gestures or sounds instead of speech
* Difficulty finding words to express themselves clearly
## Footnote
Delays in language development are not definitive signs of intellectual or cognitive disorders.
28
True or false: Delays in language development are always indicative of an intellectual developmental disorder.
FALSE
## Footnote
Differences in language development may be accompanied by superior abilities in other cognitive areas.
29
Who is an example of a person who began speaking late and was considered an intellectual genius?
Albert Einstein
## Footnote
His late speech development caused concern among his parents and teachers.
30
What is a **chief reason** that children and adults with communication and learning disorders struggle with language-based activities?
Deficits in phonology
## Footnote
These deficits affect learning to read and spell.
31
By what age can about **80% of children** segment words and syllables into their proper phonemes?
7 years old
## Footnote
The remaining 20% struggle with reading due to difficulties in phoneme segmentation.
32
What is the relationship between phonological awareness and **reading problems**?
A lack of phonological awareness is a precursor to reading problems
## Footnote
Children who cannot manipulate sounds within syllables often struggle to learn the alphabetic system.
33
What tasks might a teacher use to assess a child's **phonological awareness**?
* Asking children to rhyme words
* Manipulating sounds (e.g., removing a sound from a word)
* Blending sounds to form words
## Footnote
These activities help evaluate a child's ability to work with sounds.
34
What difficulties do readers with core deficits in **phonological processing** face?
* Segmenting and categorizing phonemes
* Retrieving names of common objects and letters
* Storing phonological codes in short-term memory
* Producing some speech sounds
## Footnote
These deficits impact reading and comprehension abilities.
35
What is the significance of **language development** in predicting school performance?
It is one of the best predictors of school performance and overall intelligence
## Footnote
Delays in language development can indicate risks for language-based learning disabilities.
36
What are the **communication disorders** as defined in DSM-5-TR?
* Language disorder
* Speech sound disorder
* Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
* Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
## Footnote
These subcategories are distinguished by the exact nature of the child’s impairment.
37
Children with **communication disorders** have difficulty with which three areas?
* Producing speech sounds
* Using spoken language to communicate
* Understanding what other people say
## Footnote
These difficulties can significantly impact a child's ability to interact and communicate effectively.
38
True or false: **Phonological problems** appear after problems in language reception or expression during development.
FALSE
## Footnote
Phonological problems appear before problems in language reception or expression, yet they have strong similarities.
39
Which communication disorder is discussed separately due to its unique clinical feature and developmental course?
Stuttering
## Footnote
Stuttering is classified as childhood-onset fluency disorder.
40
What is the primary focus of the discussion regarding **language disorder**?
Early-childhood problems that represent the fundamental features of communication disorders
## Footnote
This focus helps in understanding the nature of communication disorders in children.
41
What is a **language disorder** characterized by?
Difficulties in the comprehension or production of spoken or written language
## Footnote
Jackie showed frustration due to her communication difficulties.
42
Children’s **language development** follows specific steps, but what can make it difficult to predict significant barriers in learning?
Typical variations in development
## Footnote
Early communication difficulties may not always indicate future learning barriers.
43
What are the **major features** of the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for language disorder?
* Reduced vocabulary
* Limited sentence structure
* Impairments in discourse
## Footnote
These features indicate persistent difficulties in language acquisition and use.
44
True or false: Children with a language disorder necessarily have an **intellectual developmental disorder**.
FALSE
## Footnote
Language disorders can occur independently of intellectual disabilities.
45
What is the **onset** of symptoms for language disorder according to DSM-5-TR?
In the early developmental period
## Footnote
Symptoms must not be attributable to other conditions.
46
What are the two types of skills involved in a child's ability to use language?
* Receptive skills
* Expressive skills
## Footnote
Receptive skills involve comprehension, while expressive skills involve production.
47
What percentage of preschoolers typically outgrow **milder forms** of speech sound disorder?
Close to 10%
## Footnote
Only 2% to 3% of preschoolers meet the criteria for speech sound disorder.
48
What is the prevalence of **language disorder** among younger school-age children?
About 7%
## Footnote
This statistic is based on various studies.
49
Communication disorders are identified almost twice as often in which gender?
Boys
## Footnote
Boys' language difficulties often come with observable behavior concerns.
50
What is the prognosis for children with **receptive language impairments** compared to those with expressive impairments?
Poorer prognosis
## Footnote
Receptive language issues are more resistant to treatment.
51
What are the three principles of **treatment** for children with communication disorders?
* Promote language competencies
* Adjust the environment
* Therapy to equip knowledge and skills
## Footnote
These principles guide effective intervention strategies.
52
What role does the **home environment** play in communication disorders?
Parents may fail to provide adequate examples to stimulate language
## Footnote
However, communication disorders are unlikely to be directly caused by parents.
53
What is a common **misdiagnosis** for children with language disorders?
Inattentiveness or noncompliance
## Footnote
These behaviors can stem from communication barriers.
54
What is the **heritable** aspect of language disorders according to research?
Language processes appear to be heritable
## Footnote
About 50% to 75% of children with a language disorder show a positive family history.
55
Where do language functions primarily develop in the **brain**?
Left temporal lobe
## Footnote
This area is crucial for language reception and expression.
56
What is the relationship between **recurrent otitis media** and language difficulties?
May lead to speech and language delays
## Footnote
However, these delays often improve by age 7.
57
What is the **feedback loop** in language development?
Comprehension improves expression, and vocal feedback shapes subsequent expressions
## Footnote
Lack of comprehension reduces verbal output.
58
What is the typical age by which children learn phonemes and use intelligible speech?
By age 3
## Footnote
Some difficult sounds may take longer to articulate.
59
What is the **diagnostic criteria** for language disorder regarding functional limitations?
Substantially below age expectations
## Footnote
This results in limitations in communication, social participation, or academic achievement.
60
What is **Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder** commonly known as?
Stuttering
## Footnote
It involves the repeated and prolonged pronunciation of certain syllables that interferes with communication.
61
What is a typical behavior for children learning to speak that may resemble stuttering?
Nonfluency
## Footnote
This is a period of unclear speech that is part of normal development.
62
What are some common **characteristics** of stuttering?
* Sound and syllable repetitions
* Sound prolongations
* Broken words
* Audible or silent blocking
* Circumlocutions
* Words produced with physical tension
* Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
## Footnote
These characteristics lead to anxiety about speaking.
63
True or false: Stuttering is typically a lifelong condition that does not improve over time.
FALSE
## Footnote
About 80% of children recover from stuttering as they attend school.
64
What percentage of children stutter by age 4?
11%
## Footnote
This prevalence is noted across genders.
65
What are the **DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria** for Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder?
* Disturbances in fluency and time patterning
* Causes anxiety about speaking
* Onset in early developmental period
* Not attributable to other medical concerns
## Footnote
These criteria help in diagnosing stuttering.
66
What role do **genetic factors** play in stuttering?
Approximately 70% of the variance in causes
## Footnote
Genetic factors likely influence abnormal development in speech centers of the brain.
67
What are some **environmental factors** that may contribute to stuttering?
* Premature birth
* Parental mental illness
## Footnote
These factors account for the remaining causal influences.
68
What is a common **psychological treatment** for children who stutter?
Teaching parents to speak slowly and use short sentences
## Footnote
This approach reduces pressure on the child about speaking.
69
What is **contingency management** in the context of treating stuttering?
Using positive consequences for fluency and negative consequences for stuttering
## Footnote
This method aims to reinforce fluent speech.
70
Fill in the blank: Stuttering is characterized by _______ and _______ of certain syllables.
repetition; prolongation
## Footnote
These behaviors interfere with effective communication.
71
What did Sayad's family notice about his speech that led them to seek help?
He started repeating and prolonging some of his words
## Footnote
His interactions were friendly, but he showed signs of tension while speaking.
72
What is the **prevalence of stuttering** across the lifespan?
Below 1%
## Footnote
This reflects the number of individuals who meet diagnostic criteria at any point in time.
73
What is the significance of **family history** in stuttering?
Stuttering tends to run in families
## Footnote
This suggests a genetic component to the disorder.
74
What is the **definition** of **Social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SCD)**?
A disorder involving persistent difficulties with pragmatics—the social use of language and communication
## Footnote
Introduced in DSM-5-TR, SCD affects both expressive and receptive communication skills.
75
What are the **four areas** of persistent difficulties required for a diagnosis of SCD?
* Deficits in using communication for social purposes
* Difficulties changing communication to match the situation or listener
* Problems following the rules of language
* Difficulties understanding what is not explicitly stated
## Footnote
These areas reflect challenges in adapting communication to social contexts.
76
True or false: A diagnosis of **SCD** is typically made before the child is 4 or 5 years old.
FALSE
## Footnote
Diagnosis is usually made at 4 or 5 years old to assess developmental progress in speech and language.
77
What are the **criteria** for the deficits in social communication according to DSM-5-TR?
* Deficits in using communication for social purposes
* Impairment of ability to change communication to match context
* Difficulties following rules for language and storytelling
* Difficulties understanding nonliteral or ambiguous meanings
## Footnote
These criteria help identify specific challenges in social communication.
78
What must the onset of symptoms for **SCD** occur?
Early in the developmental period
## Footnote
Symptoms may not fully manifest until social communication demands exceed limited capacities.
79
What are the **functional limitations** resulting from SCD?
* Effective communication
* Social participation
* Social relationships
* Academic achievement
* Occupational performance
## Footnote
Limitations can occur individually or in combination.
80
How does **SCD** differ from **autism spectrum disorder (ASD)**?
Fewer restricted/repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests
## Footnote
SCD is characterized by persistent difficulties with social communication without the broader symptoms of ASD.
81
What is a common sign of **language impairment** in children with SCD?
A history of delay in reaching language milestones
## Footnote
Specific deficits in social communication determine the diagnosis of SCD.
82
What interventions are recognized as effective for children with **SCD**?
Peer-assisted interventions
## Footnote
These interventions help build pragmatic communication and social skills.
83
What other disorders may overlap with the symptoms of **SCD**?
* ADHD
* Social anxiety disorder
* Intellectual developmental disorder
## Footnote
These disorders share concerns in social, pragmatic communication.
84
Fill in the blank: SCD was added to the DSM-5-TR due to the number of children who did not meet criteria for an **________** but had persistent difficulties with social communication.
autism spectrum disorder
## Footnote
This addition addresses the needs of children with social communication challenges.
85
What is the **main diagnostic feature** of a specific learning disorder (SLD)?
Difficulties learning keystone academic skills of reading, writing, spelling, or math
## Footnote
These difficulties must be substantially below what is expected for the child’s age and intellectual ability.
86
Caleb's measured general intelligence was within the **average range**, but his verbal abilities were significantly lower. What were his scores?
* Visual Spatial IQ: 116
* Fluid Reasoning IQ: 112
* Verbal Comprehension IQ: 78
## Footnote
This discrepancy indicates a specific learning disorder.
87
True or false: A child with a specific learning disorder is intellectually incapable of learning key academic concepts.
FALSE
## Footnote
A child with SLD is capable of learning but struggles to do so.
88
What does the phrase **'unexpected academic underachievement'** refer to in the context of specific learning disorders?
Learning difficulties that are specific and not due to intellectual developmental disorder or global developmental delay
## Footnote
This highlights that the child has the potential to learn but faces specific challenges.
89
What are the **six symptoms** that indicate difficulties learning and using academic skills for SLD?
* Inaccurate or slow word reading
* Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
* Difficulties with spelling
* Difficulties with written expression
* Difficulties mastering number sense or calculation
* Difficulties with mathematical reasoning
## Footnote
These symptoms must persist for at least 6 months despite interventions.
90
Fill in the blank: The learning difficulties must significantly interfere with academic achievement or daily living and must persist for more than _______.
6 months
## Footnote
This is a key criterion for diagnosing SLD.
91
What is the **standard score** threshold for academic achievement test scores to be considered significantly below average for SLD?
78 or below (seventh percentile)
## Footnote
This indicates substantial underachievement relative to peers.
92
Caleb and Tim both fit the diagnostic criteria for **SLD**. What are their primary difficulties?
* Caleb: Reading and spelling
* Tim: Spatial orientation and mathematical reasoning
## Footnote
Their specific challenges highlight the diversity of learning disorders.
93
What are the **three core academic skill impairments** specified in SLD according to DSM-5-TR?
* Impairment in reading
* Impairment in written expression
* Impairment in mathematics
## Footnote
Each impairment can be specified further based on the nature of the difficulties.
94
What does the term **'phonological awareness'** facilitate in learning?
The ability to speak, read, and write
## Footnote
Gaps in phonological awareness can disrupt cognitive activities related to language.
95
What is the **severity classification** for SLD that indicates marked difficulties in learning skills?
Moderate
## Footnote
Individuals may require intensive and specialized teaching during school years.
96
What is a common emotional issue seen in children with SLD, as noted in the cases of Caleb and Tim?
Frustration and low self-esteem
## Footnote
These emotional problems often arise from recognizing their performance is below that of peers.
97
What is the **age range** during which learning difficulties must begin to be classified as SLD?
School-age years
## Footnote
Difficulties may not fully manifest until academic demands exceed the individual's capacities.
98
What is the **role of standardized achievement measures** in diagnosing SLD?
To confirm significantly below-average academic skills
## Footnote
These measures are part of a comprehensive clinical assessment.
99
Fill in the blank: The learning difficulties in SLD cannot be better accounted for by _______.
Intellectual disabilities, sensory problems, or inadequate educational instruction
## Footnote
This criterion helps differentiate SLD from other issues.
100
What is the **importance of reading** in society?
Unequaled by any other academic accomplishment
## Footnote
Children are naturally attracted to reading, and it plays a crucial role in their development.
101
By around age 5, most children want to know what _______ mean.
written signs and messages
## Footnote
This curiosity is often exploited by advertisers.
102
What is the role of **parents** in a child's reading process?
* Provide positive feedback
* Help children feel satisfied with their performance
## Footnote
Critical for encouraging children during their learning journey.
103
What are the two systems that operate when one reads words?
* Individual units (phonemes) - slow
* Whole words - quick
## Footnote
These systems are essential for the development of reading.
104
What is the most common underlying feature of a **reading disorder**?
Inability to distinguish or separate the sounds in spoken words
## Footnote
Phonological skills are fundamental to learning to read.
105
What types of errors signal the need for different teaching methods in children with reading disorders?
* Reversals (b/d; p/q)
* Transpositions (was/saw)
* Inversions (m/w; u/n)
* Omissions (reading place for palace)
## Footnote
These errors are also common in younger children learning to read.
106
How can teachers assess a child's need for additional practice in reading?
By logging the types of errors the child makes while reading out loud
## Footnote
This helps identify specific areas where the child may struggle.
107
What is **dyslexia**?
An alternative educational term for reading difficulties
## Footnote
It describes a pattern of reading difficulties stemming from problems in decoding.
108
What are the core deficits in a child with an SLD with impairment in reading?
* Word reading accuracy
* Reading comprehension
* Reading rate or fluency
## Footnote
These deficits affect the child's overall reading development.
109
What does the slow and labored decoding of single words detract from?
The child's ability to retain the meaning of a sentence
## Footnote
This can significantly impact comprehension of larger texts.
110
True or false: Children with reading disorders may prefer a mode of touch or manipulation to assist them in learning.
TRUE
## Footnote
Average readers rely on auditory and visual modalities, while those with reading disorders may benefit from different approaches.
111
What does **SLD** with impairment in written expression manifest as?
* Difficulties in spelling accuracy
* Grammar and punctuation accuracy
* Clarity or organization of written expression
## Footnote
This impairment is often found in combination with SLD in reading or mathematics, indicating underlying core deficits in language and neuropsychological development.
112
Children with impairment in written expression may have difficulties with tasks that require _______.
eye–hand coordination
## Footnote
This occurs despite their intact gross motor development.
113
Compared to typically developing children, children with impairments in writing produce essays that are _______.
* Shorter
* Less interesting
* Poorly organized
## Footnote
They are also less likely to review spelling, punctuation, and grammar to increase clarity.
114
True or false: Spelling errors or poor handwriting that do not significantly interfere with daily activities qualify a child for the diagnosis of SLD.
FALSE
## Footnote
Such issues must significantly interfere with daily activities or academic pursuits to qualify for this diagnosis.
115
Difficulties in written expression may signal the possibility of other learning difficulties due to shared _______.
* Planning
* Self-monitoring
* Self-evaluation
* Self-modification
## Footnote
These metacognitive processes are crucial for effective learning.
116
What is the **DSM-5-TR** criteria for **SLD with impairment in mathematics**?
* Difficulties in number sense
* Memorization of arithmetic facts
* Accurate or fluent calculation
* Accurate math reasoning
## Footnote
Dyscalculia is an alternative term used to describe this pattern of math difficulties.
117
What are some **skills involved in arithmetic** that may be difficult for children with a mathematics disorder?
* Recognizing numbers and symbols
* Memorizing facts (e.g., multiplication table)
* Aligning numbers
* Understanding abstract concepts (e.g., place value, fractions)
## Footnote
Any or all of these skills may be challenging for children with a mathematics disorder.
118
What does the term **twice exceptional** refer to?
Children who are both gifted and learning disabled
## Footnote
They often require similar educational accommodations as those with learning disorders.
119
What is the estimated **prevalence** of SLD among school-aged children?
5% to 15%
## Footnote
This range reflects the continuum of reading abilities rather than a discrete phenomenon.
120
True or false: **SLD impairments** are considered lifelong.
TRUE
## Footnote
The course varies based on severity and available supports.
121
What are some **early signs** of SLD that parents and teachers may notice?
* Delays in language development
* Difficulty counting
* Unwillingness to learn to read or write
* Struggles with numbers
## Footnote
Parents may notice these concerns in early childhood.
122
By middle grades, children with SLD may show poor performance in which areas?
* Reading comprehension
* Spelling
* Written work
## Footnote
They may struggle with reading and may avoid reading aloud due to fear.
123
What are some **functional consequences** associated with SLD?
* Lower academic achievement
* Higher school dropout rates
* Poor overall mental health
* Lower employment and income
## Footnote
These consequences can persist throughout life.
124
What cultural factors may affect the **identification and treatment** of children with SLD?
* Differences in dialect
* Quality of education
* Resources of school/community/family
## Footnote
Some teaching approaches may not emphasize sound-symbol relationships inherent in diverse dialects.
125
What is the male-to-female ratio of SLD derived from epidemiological estimates?
2:1 to 3:1
## Footnote
Boys are more often referred for learning difficulties than girls.
126
What are common **behavioral concerns** among children with SLD?
* Higher rates of aggression
* Inattention
* Withdrawal
## Footnote
These concerns are often not specific to SLD but overlap with other disorders.
127
What percentage of students with SLD have significant deficits in **social skills**?
About 75%
## Footnote
They tend to be more isolated and less popular among peers.
128
What emotional responses might **family members** experience when a child has SLD?
* Denial
* Guilt
* Blame
* Frustration
* Anger
* Despair
## Footnote
Siblings may feel annoyed or jealous of the attention the child receives.
129
What are some **adult outcomes** for individuals with SLD?
* Successful and productive lives
* Compensation through nonacademic strengths (e.g., art, music)
* Lower levels of perceived social support
## Footnote
Many adults with SLD excel in areas that capitalize on their strengths despite earlier academic challenges.
130
What challenges do **women with SLD** face compared to men as they transition into adulthood?
* More adjustment difficulties
* Greater risk of sexual assault
* Problems in relationships
## Footnote
Women may lack competitive skills and strong career options due to school failure.
131
Women with **SLD** face greater risks of _______ and related forms of abuse.
sexual assault
## Footnote
They also encounter difficulties in relationships and career opportunities due to school failure.
132
Reading difficulties often lead poorly qualified graduates to take _______ jobs.
undemanding and unrewarding
## Footnote
This is particularly true for women who lack competitive skills.
133
Young men have more wide-ranging options after school, which facilitates more positive _______ in adulthood.
social functioning
## Footnote
This contrasts with the obstacles faced by women with SLD.
134
People with proper educational experiences can learn throughout their _______.
life spans
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of early identification and intervention for SLD.
135
Early identification and intervention may prevent the long-term consequences of _______.
learning disorders
## Footnote
This is supported by findings on the causes and early signs of SLD.
136
According to E. E. Werner's study, children with learning disabilities who adapted successfully to adult life had a basic temperament that elicited _______ from others.
positive responses
## Footnote
Other factors included a sense of efficacy and competent caregivers.
137
Most learning disorders stem from difficulties in integrating information from various _______.
brain regions
## Footnote
This integration is crucial for understanding information.
138
Children with reading disorders can be categorized into two types: persistently poor readers and _______.
accuracy-improved readers
## Footnote
The latter learn to compensate for their reading difficulties over time.
139
Heritability accounts for over **60%** of the variance in _______.
reading disorders
## Footnote
This suggests a genetic component to these learning challenges.
140
The left hemisphere of the brain contains important language centers and is often characterized by cellular abnormalities in individuals with _______.
learning disorders
## Footnote
These abnormalities may develop during fetal development.
141
B. A. Shaywitz et al. found lower activation in the left hemisphere of dyslexic children in areas responsible for understanding _______.
phonemes
## Footnote
This affects their ability to analyze and automatically detect words.
142
Children with SLD often have impairments in short-term and _______ memory.
working
## Footnote
These impairments affect recall and processing of phonemes and numbers.
143
Children with SLD may struggle with _______ even when typically developing peers can do so effortlessly.
subitizing
## Footnote
This indicates a deficit in rapid visual processing of enumeration concepts.
144
Nonverbal learning disability (NLD) is associated with deficits related to _______-hemisphere brain functioning.
right
## Footnote
These deficits affect social skills, spatial orientation, and problem-solving.
145
Emotional and behavioral disturbances often accompany _______.
SLD
## Footnote
This overlap is common among children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
146
The overlap between SLD with impairment in reading and **ADHD** ranges from _______ to 70%.
30%
## Footnote
This suggests shared etiological factors but highlights that they are distinct disorders.
147
What is the **overlap percentage** between SLD with impairment in reading and ADHD?
30% to 70%
## Footnote
The overlap varies depending on how ADHD is defined.
148
SLD is commonly associated with deficits in **__________**.
phonological awareness
## Footnote
ADHD has more variable effects on cognitive functioning.
149
True or false: ADHD is relatively unrelated to **phonological awareness tasks**.
TRUE
## Footnote
Some children with SLD may show symptoms similar to ADHD.
150
What are the **cornerstones** of helping strategies for children with SLD?
* Proper planning
* Goal setting
## Footnote
Specific learning disorders are not usually outgrown.
151
What types of methods do interventions for SLD primarily rely on?
* Educational methods
* Psychosocial methods
## Footnote
Comprehensive and ongoing psychosocial treatments are necessary.
152
What is a key aspect of treatment for children with SLD?
Breaking tasks into manageable steps
## Footnote
This includes examples, practice, and ample feedback.
153
What role do **support groups for parents** play in the treatment of SLD?
Providing information, practical suggestions, and mutual understanding
## Footnote
They help bridge the gap between school and home.
154
What type of medications may some children with SLD respond favorably to?
Stimulant medications
## Footnote
These may temporarily improve attention and concentration.
155
What is the **first step** in solving problems related to learning disorders?
Realizing that a problem exists
## Footnote
Many signs of language-based learning disorders are present from early childhood.
156
Why is **early detection** of learning disorders important?
A brief window of opportunity exists for successful treatment
## Footnote
Language-based deficits can often be remediated successfully if detected early.
157
What activities can help prevent reading difficulties in children at risk?
* Phonological awareness activities
* Games of listening
* Rhyming
* Identifying sentences and words
* Analyzing syllables and phonemes
## Footnote
Training in these activities should start at an early age.
158
What is the **first step** in the treatment of specific learning disabilities?
A careful assessment of a child’s abilities
## Footnote
This assessment is crucial for effective treatment planning.
159
Knowledge of communication and learning disorders has influenced the **philosophy and practice** of what?
Classroom instruction
## Footnote
Discoveries in neurosciences have led to more systematic ways of assisting children.
160
What movement began in the **1950s** to integrate children with special needs into regular classrooms?
Inclusion movement
## Footnote
This movement was based on studies showing that segregated classes for students with disabilities were ineffective and possibly harmful.
161
What act, adopted in **1975**, mandates educational access for children with special needs in the United States?
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
## Footnote
This act is currently known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004).
162
Approximately what percentage of school-age children in the United States receive support through **special education**?
14%
## Footnote
This equates to about 6.6 million children, with students having specific learning disabilities accounting for close to half.
163
What does **RTI** stand for in the context of identifying and assessing children?
Response to Intervention
## Footnote
RTI consists of tiered instruction for children who have difficulty learning to read.
164
What instructional method is favored by most educators for children with **learning disorders**?
Direct instruction
## Footnote
This method emphasizes teaching skills through structured and explicit instruction.
165
List the **steps in Direct Behavioral Instruction**.
* Review the child’s existing abilities
* Develop a short statement of goals
* Present new concepts in small steps
* Provide clear instructions
* Provide practice for all students
* Check understanding continually
* Provide explicit guidance during practice
* Provide systematic feedback and corrections
* Provide explicit instruction for desk exercises
## Footnote
These steps are designed to enhance learning and ensure mastery of skills.
166
What is the primary goal of **early interventions** to prevent dyslexia?
Teach both phonological and verbal abilities
## Footnote
Children must learn sounds to decode words and understand their meanings.
167
True or false: **Cognitive–behavioral interventions** involve students actively monitoring their own thought processes.
TRUE
## Footnote
These interventions emphasize self-control and self-assessment strategies.
168
What are the **critical elements** for a successful beginning reading program?
* Direct instruction in language analysis
* Direct teaching of the alphabetic code
* Coordination of reading and spelling
* Intensive reading instruction
* Teaching for automaticity
## Footnote
These elements are essential for effective reading instruction and intervention.
169
What does **SLD** stand for in the context of learning disorders?
Specific Learning Disorder
## Footnote
SLD includes difficulties in reading, mathematics, or writing ability.
170
What type of **instruction** is often used in conjunction with behavioral methods for children with learning disorders?
Direct instruction
## Footnote
This method is structured and cumulative, emphasizing explicit correction and practice opportunities.
CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
chapter 288
-
Chapter 1373
-
chapter 4180
-
chapter 14212
-
chapter 5279
-
chapter 7170
-
chapter 6163
-
Intellectual Developmental Disorder Lecture23
-
Learning Disabilities Lecture31
-
ASD Lecture31
-
Chapter 8224
-
Chapter 9: Conduct Problems47
-
Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders172
-
Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 256
-
Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders pt 338
-
Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 1101
-
Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 2101
-
Chapter 10: Depressive Disorders pt 379
-
Chapter 12: Trauma related disorders107
-
Chapter 12 pt 284
-
Chapter 9 pt 2162
