BIO 110 > BIO 110 Chapter Three > Flashcards

BIO 110 Chapter Three Flashcards

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1
Q

Monomer

A

Mono-one, a small molecule (monomers of each kind of biological molecule have similar chemical structures).

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Poly-Many, a large molecule formed by linking many monomers.

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3
Q

Macromolecule

A

Many molecules/monomers bonded together to form proteins, nucleotides, and carbohydrates.

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4
Q

What are important macromolecules found in humans

A

Proteins, Carbs, and Nucleotides.

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5
Q

Functional Group

A

A specific combination of bonded atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties

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6
Q

Carbon Skeleton

A

The carbon chain of an organic
molecule is called its skeleton or
backbone
* accounts for the molecule’s basic
shape

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7
Q

Condensation

A

Energy is used to make covalent
bonds between monomers to
produce a polymer; a water molecule
(H2O) is removed with each covalent
bond formed. energy is added.

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymers are broken down into
monomers; energy is released and a
water molecule (H2O) is added.
* H2O reacts with the covalent bonds
that link the polymer together
* results in the breakdown of covalent
bonds in polymers, forming the
component monomers

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9
Q

Protein

A

are instrumental in nearly
everything organisms do
* are the most numerous and
versatile of the four
biomolecules
makes up 50 of our dry mass cells.

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10
Q

Amino Acid

A

An organic compound containing both an amino group (NH2) and a
carboxyl group (COOH); simultaneously both acids and bases because the amino
group accepts H+ ions and the carboxyl group releases H+ ions

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11
Q

Polypeptide

A

resulting molecule when multiple amino acids are joined covalently by peptide bonds

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12
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

Linear sequence of amino acids

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13
Q

What can functional groups determine?

A

personalities, functioning, and chemical properties of a macromolecule.

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14
Q

Proteins

A

are instrumental in nearly everything organisms do.
are the most numerous and versatile of the 4 macromolecules.
are the most structurally sophisticated
vary is size and shape.

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15
Q

Amino acid

A

an organic compound containing both an amino group, and a carboxyl group simultaneously .

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16
Q

How many amino acid groups are there?

A

20

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17
Q

Polypeptide

A

resulting molecule when multiple amino acids are joined covalently by peptide bonds.

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18
Q

a helix

A

right-handed coil resulting from hydrogen bonding between N-H and C-O groups.

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19
Q

b pleated sheet

A

two or more polypeptide chains are aligned, hydrogen bonds from between the chains.

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20
Q

tertiary structure

A

folding results in the specific 3-D shape of the protein

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21
Q

quaternary structure

A

results in ways in which the subunits bond together and interact.

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22
Q

Denature

A

destroy the native state properties of a protein or other biological macromolecules, which disrupts its molecular configuration.

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23
Q

Chaperone

A

a protein that guards other proteins by counteracting molecular interactions that threaten the 3-D structure.

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24
Q

Monosaccharides

A

one simple sugar

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25
Polysaccharides
polymers compared of many macromolecules
26
Disaccharides
two simple sugars linked by glycosidic linkages.
27
Storage material
hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells.
28
starch
energy storage of glucose in plants
29
glycogen
energy storage in humans
30
Primary structure
A protein held together by covalent bonds, linear chain of amino acids, that make up the final shape of the protein.
31
High Temperature
rapid molecular movement that agitates the polypeptide chain enough to overcome weak and stabilize the structure.
32
pH changes
disrupt patterns of ionic attractions and repulsions.
33
High concentration of polar molecules
disrupt hydrogen bonding
34
nonpolar substances
disrupt hydrophobic interactions
35
What happens when a protein is denatured?
When a protein is denatured protein loses its 3D structure, it loses its proper folding and therefore, its correct shape. It cannot function properly.
36
How do proteins bind to other molecules?
non-covalently
37
Shape
a molecule will not bind to a protein unless there is a general "fit" between their 3D shapes.
38
Chemistry or exposed surface groups
important functions of proteins involve interactions between exposed R groups on the proteins surface and certain molecules.
39
Carbohydrates
Most abundant biomolecule on Earth. In every cell wall.
40
Carbon characteristics
has four valence electrons so it can form four different bonds with other atoms * can bond with a wide variety of functional groups * bonds are strong and stable (single, double or triple) * can form many different, unique shapes (chains, branches, rings, 3-D) * Carbon compounds do not readily dissociate in water. * There is no limit to the size of a carbon-based molecule.
41
Carbon Skeleton
The carbon chain of an organic molecule is called its skeleton or backbone * accounts for the molecule’s basic shape * acts as a framework for the positioning of functional groups * R → the “remainder” of the molecule; place on the functional group that attaches to the carbon skeleton
42
What gives the macromolecule it's shape?
the carbon atoms in an organic macromolecule furnish a skeleton that gives the macromolecule its overall shape.
43
Glucose
lucose (C6H12O6): * most common monosaccharide; central importance in the chemistry of life * six carbon structure (hexose); exists as a straight chain or ring (more stable) * essential for both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration; vital for homeostasis * broken down to release energy in the form of ATP which is used to fuel virtually every energy-requiring process in the body * our body stores glucose as glycogen
44
Storage material
(hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells) * starch: energy storage of glucose in plants * glycogen: energy storage of glucose in animals
45
Building material
structures that protect the cell or organism) * cellulose: very stable; major component of cell walls in plant cells
46
Lipids
Lipids are not characterized by a shared chemical structure. Instead, they are characterized by a physical property, their solubility: They do not dissolve readily in water.
47
Important lipids
fats (store energy) * phospholipids (structural role in biological membranes) * steroids
48
Fats
Fats are not polymers, but rather large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by condensation reactions. * two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids linked by an ester linkage
49
Why do fats separate?
Fats separate from water because the water molecules will hydrogen bond to one another and exclude the fats. (example: oil and vinegar) * major function is energy storage: hydrocarbon chains are rich in energy
50
Saturated fatty acids
All the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds— there are NO double bonds. * As many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. The structure is saturated with hydrogen
51
Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, so not all bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms. * This causes kinks in the molecule which prevent them from packing together tightly. * plant fats are liquid at room temperature; they have low melting points * Fats of plants are converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. They are hydrogenated to prevent them from separating out in liquid (oil) form (peanut butter, margarine).
52
Phospholipids
essential for cells because they make up biological membranes which form a boundary between the cell and its external environment or an organelle and the cytoplasm
53
Phospholipid diversity
based on differences in the two fatty acids and in the groups attached to the phosphate group of the head
54
Two ends of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic head, and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails.
55
Steroids
carbon skeleton consists of four fused rings * vary in the particular chemical groups attached to the rings
56
Cholesterol
synthesized in the liver of vertebrates and obtained from the diet * common component of animal cellular membranes (stabilizes; supports) * precursor from which other steroids are synthesized (sex hormones)
57
Nucleotide
the monomer that makes up nucleic acids
58
Nucleotide structure
A nucleotide consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
59
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
60
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
61
RNA.
provides a readable genetic language * enables genes to be expressed as proteins
62
DNA
provides long-term, genetic information storage * can be easily copied and passed on to future generations * Our genes are segments of DNA.
63
RNA Sugar
RNA contains the sugar ribose. It is a “normal” sugar with one oxygen attached to each carbon atom
64
DNA Sugar
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. It is a modified sugar, lacking one oxygen. on the second carbon
65
Pyrimidine
six-membered single- ring structure; cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U)
66
Purine
a fused double-ring structure; adenine (A) and guanine (G); “Pure As Gold”
67
Complementary base pairing
purines pair with pyrimidines by hydrogen bonds
68
How are nucleotides attached?
Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds (covalent bonds).
69
How do nucleotides connect
Phosphate groups link the 3′ carbon in one sugar to the 5′ carbon in another sugar.
70
How do nucleotides grow
5' to 3' direction
71
Strand of RNA
Single strand
72
Strand of DNA
Double helix
73
RNA vs DNA Base pairing
All DNA molecules have the same basic structure, but the sequence of base pairs differs. but base pairing can occur between different regions of the molecule which results in 3D structure
74
Replication
the process by which a DNA molecule is copied
75
transcription
the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template; genes are the sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA
76
translation
the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule; there is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids
77
gene expression
transcription + translation
78
Where is genetic information carried?
the sequence of base pairs.
79
genome
the complete set of DNA in an organism
80
Genome functions
Stores information in a stable form * The genome of every organism stores information that provides a blueprint for producing that organism’s characteristics. * Provides continuity from generation to generation * The genome is copied and transmitted from generation to generation. * Acts as an instrument of evolutionary change
81
How do we trace evolutionary relationships
DNA Sequencing
82
Spontaneous generation
living things could come from non-living sources or decaying matter
83
Louis Pastreaur
showed that microorganisms can arise only from other microorganisms, not by spontaneous generation.
84
Chemical Evolution
Conditions on primitive Earth led to the formation of simple molecules which eventually led to life forms
85
What is DNA's ancestor
RNA
86
Protocells
may be a reasonable model for the evolution of cells: * They are organized systems of interacting parts, in some cases catalytically. * They have an interior that is distinct from the exterior environment. * They can self-replicate.
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