BIO 110 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glucose

A

The most common chemical fuel used by cells

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2
Q

Five general principles of the metabolic pathway

A

-Complex transformations occur in separate reactions (So the cell doesn’t blow up)
-Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
-Many metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms
- In eukaryotes, metabolic pathways are compartmentalized in specific organelles
-Key enzymes can be inhabited or activated to alter the rate of the pathway.

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3
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic (Oxygen lacking process) 2 net energy ATP per glucose

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Aerobic (Oxygen containing process) 32 net energy trapped per glucose.

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5
Q

How do cells obtain energy from glucose

A

by a chemical process called oxidation

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6
Q

When do electrons have more potential energy ?

A

when they are associated with less electronegative atoms (Carbon and hydrogen)

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7
Q

When do electrons have less potential energy?

A

when they are associated with more electronegative atoms (Oxygen)

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8
Q

What reaction occurs together

A

Oxidation and reduction always occur together

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9
Q

Oxidation

A

-Loss of electrons
-Gain of oxygen and loss of hydrogen
atom, ion or molecule has been oxidized
-The more oxidized a molecule is, the less potential energy there is
-In oxidation, the reducing agent donates electrons and becomes oxidized.

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10
Q

Reduction

A

-Gain of electrons
- Loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen
- atom, ion, or molecule has been reduced
- the more reduced a molecule is the more potential energy it has
-In reduction the oxidizing agent accepts electrons and it becomes reduced.

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11
Q

What is the reducing agent

A

Glucose

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12
Q

What is the oxidizing agent?

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

What is NAD?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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14
Q

NAD+

A

Empty of passengers (electrons) It is ionic.

In a redox reaction it picks up one hydrogen atom and one solo electron from the second hydrogen atom, therefore takes it to a neutral charge. The whole hydrogen atom takes it from NAD to NADH.

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15
Q

NADH

A

Is loaded with passengers (electrons). It proceeds down the energy hill (staircase) to donate them to molecules that have a greater potential to accept electrons than it does. Once it drops off the passengers it can return to being the empty NAD+ and is ready for another pickup. This is how NADH transfers energy from one molecule to another.

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Reactants of glycolysis

A

Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

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18
Q

Products of Glycolysis

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

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19
Q

Oxidation re-duction

A

energy released by glucose oxidation is trapped via the reduction of NAD+ to NADH

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20
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP from ADP by a direct transfer of a HIGH energy phosphate group in an exergonic catabolic pathway.

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21
Q

Phosphoglucoisomerase

A

rearranges glucose-6-phosphate to convert it to its isomer, fructose-6-phosphate.

This allows a second site for a phosphate group to be added.

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22
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

transfers a phosphate group from ATP to the sugar, investing 1 molecule of ATP.

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate has phosphate groups on its opposite ends. It can now be split in half.

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23
Q

Aldolase

A

cleaves fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate into two different three-carbon sugars: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. They are isomers of each other.

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24
Q

Isomerase

A

catalyzes the conversion between the two three-carbon sugars.
Rearranges DHAP into G3P

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25
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
catalyzes two reactions: G3P is oxidized by the transfer of electrons and H+ to NAD+ forming NADH a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate) making a product of very high potential energy
26
Phosphoglycerokinase
removes a phosphate from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to form 3-phosphoglycerate. The phosphate group removed is transferred to ADP to make ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. 2 ATP are
27
Phosphoglyceromutase
relocates the remaining phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate (phosphate is on carbon 3) to form 2-phosphoglycerate (phosphate is on carbon 2).
28
Enolase
removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The remaining phosphate bond is very unstable, preparing PEP for the next reaction.
29
Pyruvate kinase
removes a phosphate group from phosphophenolpyruvate (PEP) to form pyruvate. The removed phosphate group is transferred to ADP to form ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. There are 2 ATP formed and 2 phosphate removed
30
Pyruvate oxidation
-2 pyruvates -takes place in the mitochondrial matrix -pyruvate is oxidized to acetate and CO2; acetate + coenzyme A = acetyl CoA
31
When do electrons have more potential energy?
When they are associated with less electronegative atoms (C OR H)
32
When do electrons have less potential energy?
When they are associated with more electronegative atoms (Oxygen)
33
Staircase representation
Electrons derived from glucose will be moving down hill to the final electron acceptor (O2). their downhill drop will power the uphill push needed to attach a phosphate to ADP
34
Why do we need oxygen?
Oxygen allows us to breathe, It is the final electron acceptor
35
Why is the transfer of electrons important?
Most of the energy stored in atoms is stored in the bonds that is used to fuel cell functions. The transfer of energy in the form of electrons allows the cell to transfer and use energy in increments rather than all at once. If all of the energy was transferred all at once the cell would blow up and die.
36
The metabolism of glucose is what time of metabolic reaction?
Redox reaction Glucose oxidizes CO2 O2 reduces H20
37
What type of enzyme is NAD?
Co enzyme
38
Reactants of Glycolysis
2 ATP 2 NAD+ Glucose
39
Products of Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP
40
Substrate level phosphorylation
The production of ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP from a direct transfer of high energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate metabolic compound in an exergonic, catabolic pathway.
41
How many Glycerol-3-Phosphate does our bodies need for glycolysis?
2
42
What can be free floating in solution?
inorganic phosphate, and H+
43
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
44
Reactants of pyruvate oxidation (2)
2 pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 Coenzyme A
45
Products of pyruvate oxidation
2 acetyl CoA 2 CO2 2 NADH
46
What is the role of acetyl CoA
A carrier molecule, it's role is to donate its acetyl groups to the four-carbon group, forming the 6 carbon molecule citrate. This then initiates the citric acid cycle.
47
Where does the citric acid cycle take place place
in the mitochondrial matrix
48
Inputs of the citric acid cycle
2 acetate (donates 2 Carbon) to create citrate 3 NAD+ 2 FAD 2 ADP 2 H20
49
Outputs of the citric acid cycle
4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP
50
The oxidation of one glucose molecule yields
6 CO2 10 NADH 2 FADH2 4 ATP
51
Why does NADH generate more ATP than FADH2
NADH is found more recent in the process of glycolysis therefore having more potential energy and create a stronger proton motive force compared to FADH2 which is found farther down in the chain resulting in less potential energy (potential energy in the electrons dumped decreases the closer they move towards oxygen).
52
2 FADH2
3 ATP
53
10 NADH
Each NADH protein generates enough proton force to generate 2.5 ATP 10 x 2.5= 25 ATP
54
Electron transport chain (Respiratory chain)
Occurs in the Mitochondrial membrane -Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 move through the chain.
55
What increases the surface area in the mitochondria for more reactions to occur?
The cristae
56
What makes up the chain?
A series of membrane associated electron carriers.
57
What happens to the membrane associated electron carriers?
They alternate between oxidized and reduced states and they accept and donate electrons.
58
Which membrane associated electron acceptor is more electronegative?
The downhill neighbor, the one closer to oxygen. It returns to its oxidized form as it passes the electrons to it's downhill neighbor.
59
What is the job of the electron transport chain?
Use energy flow to pump protons (H+) with active transport chain from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.
60
What is the result of the energy flow
a strong proton concentration gradient to pump protons back into the matrix (Unequal concentration gradient) this is in the form of potential energy used synthesize ATP from ADP and free floating phosphate.
61
Why does the electron transport chain have so many steps?
To control the release of energy during the oxidation of glucose. The chain eases the fall of electrons. This allows to a series of smaller steps that releases energy in a manageable amount avoiding cell destruction or potential cause the cell to blow up. One reaction would release too much energy to synthesize ATP.
62
Chemiosmosis
Protons diffuse back across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix through a channel protein called ATP synthase, which couples this diffusion to the synthesis of ATP. The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons, so the only way to follow the concentration gradient is through ATP synthase.
63
ATP synthase (Enzyme found in the mitochondrial membrane)
As the protons diffuse through the Fo unit, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy causing the central polypeptide to rotate (creating energy). The energy is transmitted to the F1 unit which allows for ADP to be phosphorylated, resulting in ATP synthesis.
64
Where does Lactic acid fermentation?
Muscle cells
65
What happens in intense workouts?
During intense exercise, O2 cannot be delivered to muscle cells fast enough for aerobic respiration.
66
What happens if muscle cells can't harvest all energy from glucose?
Muscle cells then break down glycogen (an energy storage polysaccharide) and carry out lactic acid fermentation.
67
What happens when lactate builds up?
When lactate builds up, the increase in H+ lowers pH and causes muscle pain.
68
Glycolysis and Fermentation only do what to glucose?
Only partially oxidize glucose compared to cellular respiration
69
Oxidative Phosphorylation
the metabolic pathway that uses energy released from the oxidation of nutrients to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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