BIO 110 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(66 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabola, or change
The sum or total of an organism’s changes in reactions, consisting of anabolic and catabolic pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemical reaction

A

any process in which one or more substances are converted to one or more different substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

a set of enzymatically controlled steps that begin with a specific molecule and results in the completion of a product or process in an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Energy

A

is the total fundamental to all metabolic pathways, metabolic pathways involve energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Potential energy

A

energy that is stored in chemical bonds, as a concentration gradient or as an electrical charge imbalance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Kinetic energy

A

the energy in motion, the type of energy that does the work, that makes things change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anabolism

A

Condensation reaction, link smaller molecules together to form larger, more complex molecules. Require input of energy, energy is captured in the bonds that are formed, the captured energy is stored as potential energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

catabolism

A

Hydrolysis Reaction, break down of large, complex molecules into smaller ones, release of energy stored in the bonds, the energy can be recaptured and used a kinetic energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy is not created or destroyed instead transferred or transformed (quantity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy is than unable to do work, (quality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conversion

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heat

A

free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Energy Barriers

A

Between reactants and products control the rate of chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are energy Barriers important

A

they block the tendency for a chemical reaction to occur that might allow for complex molecules to decompose spontaneously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

activation energy

A

the energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds in the reactant and initiate chemical reaction. \
(activate a chemical reaction).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Active site

A

The region in an enzyme where catalysis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Entropy(S)

A

a measure of the amount of disorder (randomness) in a system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spontaneous Process

A

a process that can occur without input of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

enthalpy(H)

A

total energy = usable energy + unusable energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

free energy (G)

A

usable energy that is able to do work, cells require it in chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unusable Energy

A

unusable energy that is released in chemical reactions (disorder). (heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Exergonic

A

Free energy is released outward into the environment, these reactions are spontaneous. No energy used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Endergonic

A

Free energy is consumed, these reactions are not spontaneous as they require an input of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
contains a ribose sugar, the nitrogenous base, adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What's the universal currency?
ATP
26
How can bonds be broken between phosphate groups?
Hydrolysis, to create a phosphate group and an inorganic phosphate.
27
What is the high energy bond between the phosphate groups?
Tiling BOND
28
Energy coupling
uses energy released from one reaction to power another reaction
29
Catalyst
substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed or permanently altered no catalyst makes a reaction occur
30
Catalysis
the process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction. Increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
31
What are most biological catalysts called
Proteins called enzymes as as the molecular framework in which chemical catalysis occurs. No organism could live without enzymes.
32
active site
the region in an enzyme where catalysis occurs
33
Substrate
the reactant molecule that binds to an enzyme at the active site and participates in a chemical reaction.
34
Enzyme-substrate complex
held together by bond and electrical interactions.
35
potential energy is based on what?
the location, and position, and structure of the electrons in an atom.
36
What happens when activation energy is lowered?
Enable the reactants to reach the transition state even at moderate temperatures.
37
What state can bonds change?
Contorted shape
38
substrate
the reactant molecule that binds to an enzyme at the active site and participates in the chemical reaction.
39
Lyase
catalyze nonhydrolytic bond breakage and aid in new bonds forming
40
Oxidoreductase
transfer electrons between molecules
41
Transferases
transfer functional groups between molecules
42
Isomerases
Move functional groups within a molecule
43
Ligases
join two molecules together
44
Enzymes allow for what?
They lower activation energy affecting only how the reaction rate proceeds, they do not affect the free energy associated with a reaction.
45
Steps in enzyme substrate bonding
Initiation, Transition state, termination
46
Can organisms survive without enzymes?
No
47
Do enzymes make things happen?
No, enzymes simply speed up reactions.
48
What gives an enzyme their function?
The specific arrangement of functional groups in the sequences of amino acids in the primary structure of the proteins. This arrangement creates the active site allowing for a SPECIFIC substrate to bind and go under the initiation, transition, and termination stages.
49
Do enzymes affect the free energy in a system?
No, enzymes only affect the rate at which the reaction occurs by lowering the activation energy.
50
Cofactors
Many enzymes require non-protein helpers to function normally. So they help the enzyme function. Ex, vitamins
51
Where are cofactors found?
On the enzymes active site?
52
What happens if there is a deficiency of cofactors?
Disease can occur.
53
Orientation
Orient substrates so they can react, and come together so bonds can form between the substrates.
54
Straining
Induce strain by stretching the substate, leading to more instability, and creates more reactivity.
55
Adding chemical groups
Adding chemicals to the enzymes side chains can create more reactivity, changing the form can change the reactivity, and function.
56
Enzymes specificity depends on?
Depends on the precise interlocking of molecular shapes and interactions of chemical groups.
57
Induced fit
Enzyme chnages shape when it binds to the substrate therefore altering the active site shape.
58
Initiation
Enzymes orient substrates precisely as they bind with the active site.
59
Transition State
State with the most kinetic energy, enzyme lowers the activation energy. State with the most instability.
60
Termination
rxn products have less affinity for the products because the shape has changed, therefore the products are released.
61
What happens if one chemical reaction in the metabolic pathway.
If one process in the metabolic pathway becomes disturbed the reaction could potentially not occur, or the final result will be altered and other reactions may be impacted. An example is the use of medication. Some medication is prescribed to induce certain side effects to cause a positive outcome in a system of reactions.
62
Irreversible inhibition
Inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in the active site and permanently inactivates the enzyme.
63
Reversible inhibition
inhibitor binds non-covalently tot eh active site and prevents the substrate from binding.
64
Competitive inhibition
Compete with the substrate for the binding site
65
Uncompetitive inhibition
Binds to the enzyme substrate complex, preventing release of substrate.
66
Non-competitive inhibition
bind to the enzyme in a different site therefore changing the shape of the enzyme.
BIO 110
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions