BIO 110 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell division

A

New cells arise through division from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus prior to cell division.
Leads to the production of somatic cells.

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

Division of the nucleus prior to cell division
leads to the production of gametes. (sperm and egg cell).

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4
Q

Cytokinesis (cell movement)

A

Division of the cell cytoplasm into two distinct cells.
When cytokinesis is complete, a parent cell has given rise to the new daughter cells.

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

Asexual , offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

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6
Q

Growth

A

growth of the organism, adding cells.

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7
Q

Repair

A

repair of the tissue, replacing cells.

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8
Q

Cell cycle

A

orderly sequence of events in the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into daughter cells.
Consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

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9
Q

Interphase

A

The between phase
growing and preparing to divide
interphase has three subphases.

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10
Q

G1

A

Growth phase, duration is variable (minutes to years)

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11
Q

G0

A

Resting phase, cell is not preparing for cell division, human cardiac muscle, and neuron cells.

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12
Q

S

A

Synthesis, DNA replicates

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13
Q

G2

A

Second gap, growth phase, final preparations for mitosis.

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14
Q

What is the result of Mitosis?

A

Results in the division of replicated chromosomes and the formation of two daughter nuclei with identical chromosomes.

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15
Q

What is the result of cytokinesis?

A

Results in the division of the cytoplasm which forms two new daughter cells.

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16
Q

Cell control system

A

a cycically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates hey events in the cell cycle

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17
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint

A

A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle. It is crucial cellular processes have been completed completely.

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18
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Adequate cell size, sufficient nutrients, social signals, DNA undamaged.

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19
Q

G2 checkpoints

A

Successful replication of chromosomes, DNA undamaged, activated MPF present.

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20
Q

M checkpoints

A

All chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus at the metaphase plate, which is a regulatory protein that becomes activated which then turns into separate.

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21
Q

Protein Kinases

A

Enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them. Which gives them the go ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints, to be active. These proteins must be attached to a cyclin.

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22
Q

Cyclin

A

occurs in cyclically fluctuating concentrations, levels rise during S and G1, and fall during the M phase.

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23
Q

Cdk cyclin dependent kinases

A

A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin, activity rises and falls with changes in the concentrations of its cyclin partner.

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24
Q

MPF

A

Mitosis promoting factor. A cyclin dependent complex. triggers the cells passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase.

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25
Internal and external signals at the checkpoint
pathways link these signals with the responses by Cdks and other proteins.
26
Internal signals
Are within the cell activate separase which cleaves cohesions, allowing the sister chromatids to separate.
27
External signals
chemical and physical
28
Growth factor
a protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide.
29
Platelet-deprived growth factor
stimulates skin cells to divide and heal wounds.
30
Interleukins and erythropoietin
stimulate division and specialization of blood cells
31
Density-dependent inhibition
normal animal cells stop dividing when they come in contact with one another.
32
Anchorage dependent
a cell must be attached to a surface in order to initiate cell division
33
Sexual
2 parents gametes fertilization required 2 sets of chromosomes Genetically unique
34
Asexual
1 parent no gametes no fertilization 1 set of chromosomes genetically the same
35
Asexual reproduction
offspring arise from a single cell or organism, inheriting genes of that parent only so are genetically identical to the parent so they are clones
36
Sexual Reproduction
Two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring not identical to the parent.
37
Gamete
each parent contributes one gamete to an offspring gametes only contain one set of chromosomes so they are haploids
38
Fertilization
two haploid gamete fuse to form a diploid (2n) or a zygote.
39
Nondisjunction
results in the production of aneuploid cells.
40
Aneuploidy
May be causes by a lack of cohesions that hold the homologous pairs of chromosomes together.
41
What would happen without cohesions
both homologs may go to the same pole.
42
Karyotype
is the number, shapes, sizes of all chromosomes of a cell.
43
Cytogenetics
a branch of medicine in which karyotypes can be used to diagnose abnormalities.
44
Reproduction
Asexual, offspring are genetically identical to the parent
45
Growth
Adding cells
46
Repair
replacing tissues
47
Cell cycle
orderly sequence of events in the life of a cell from the time it is formed from the dividing parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells
48
Interphase
between phase
49
G1
Growth phase, duration in variable
50
G0
resting, cell is not prepping for cell division
51
S
Synthesis, DNA replicates
52
G2
Growth phase, final preparations for mitosis
53
Cell cycle control system
a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
54
Cell cycle checkpoint
a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle. Signals report if crucial cellular processes have been completed correctly.
55
G1
Adequate cell size, sufficient nutrients, social signals present, and DNA is undamaged.
56
G2
Successful replication of chromosomes, DNA undamaged, activated MPF present
57
M
All chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus at the metaphase plate
58
Protein kinases
Enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them.
59
Cyclins
occurs cyclically fluctuating concentrations, levels rise during S and G1 and fall in the M phase.
60
Cdk
Cyclin dependent kinases, a protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin.
61
MPF
mitosis promoting factor, triggers the cells passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase, causes fragmentation of the nuclear envelope chromosome condensation.
62
Growth factor
a protein releases by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide.
63
Platelet growth factor
stimulates cells to divide and heal wounds
64
Interleukins and erythropoietin
stimulate division and specialization of blood cells
65
Density dependent inhibition
normal animal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
66
anchorage dependence
a cell must be attacthed to a surface in order to initiate cell division
67
asexual reproduction
offspring from a single cell or organism, inheriting genes of that parent only so are genetically identical to the parent.
68
Sexual reproduction
two parents contribute information to produce unique offspring, not identical
69
gamete
each parent contributes one gamete to an offspring
70
How many sets of chromosomes does a sperm and egg contain
1 set
71
fertilization
two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid or a zygote
72
Nondisjunction
results in the production of aneuploid cells
73
How can aneuploidy happen
may be caused by a lack of cohesions that hold homologous pairs of chromosomes together.
74
karyotype
the number, shapes, and sizes of all chromosomes of a cell.
75
translocation
a piece of chromosome may break away and attach to another chromosome.
76
Necrosis
premature cell death
77
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
78
Benign
Tumors grow slowly and remain localized, they are not cancerous
79
Malignant
tumors do no resemble the parent tissue, they can grow indefinitely and can spread to other locations of the body
80
Metastasis
cancer cells invade surrounding tissue and travel through the bloodstream or lymph system.
81
Oncogene
proteins, positive regulators, gas pedal in cancer cells.
82
tumor suppressors
negative regulators (brakes) in cancer cells, inactive in cancer cells.
BIO 110
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