Chapter 19

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

change in genetic composition of populations overtime

Question 2

How is evolutionary change observed?

Answer 2

regularly, both in laboratory and natural populations.

Question 3

Vertical evolution

Answer 3

a type of evolution in which genetic changes occur in series of related species that form a lineage.

Question 4

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 4

a process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring from that organism.

Question 5

Unity

Answer 5

All modern forms of life have evolved from populations of pre-existing organisms.

Question 6

All…
All…
All…

Answer 6

Forms of life on Earth are related
Forms of life share fundamental biological mechanisms
Forms of life share common characteristics.

Question 7

Diversity

Answer 7

All organisms exhibit wide range of adaptations and variations across different species due to the process of natural selection responding to different environments overtime.

Question 8

Descent with modification

Answer 8

Earths many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present-day species.

Question 9

Narrow definition of evolution

Answer 9

Change in the genetic composition of a population over time (generation to generation)
* These genetic changes drive the origin and extinction of species and the diversification of life

Question 10

Pattern evolution

Answer 10

revealed by data (these are facts) and observations about the natural world

Question 11

Process of Evolution

Answer 11

consists of the mechanisms that produce the observed pattern of change; these
mechanisms represent natural causes of the natural phenomena we observe

Question 12

A fact…

Answer 12

organisms have changed over time

Question 13

A theory…

Answer 13

well-substantiated explanation of how and why evolution occurs

Question 14

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 14

Life on Earth has changed and diversified over time through
the process of natural selection, where advantageous traits become more
common in populations.

Question 15

applications of evolutionary theory:

Answer 15

• study and treatment of diseases
• developing better agricultural crops and industrial processes
• understanding the diversification of life and how species interact
• allows predictions about the biological world

Question 16

Darwin’s Four Postulates

Answer 16

The individual organisms that make up a population vary in the traits they
possess

Some of the trait differences are heritable, meaning that they are passed on to
offspring genetically.

many more offspring are produced than can possibly
survive. Thus, only some individuals in the population survive long enough to
produce offspring

individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring is not
a random sample of the population. Individuals with certain heritable traits are
more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 17

How are individuals selected

Answer 17

they are selected by the environment

Question 18

Natural selection

Answer 18

the mechanism that explains descent with modification

Question 19

Darwin’s three propositions

Answer 19

Species change overtime
descent with modification
natural selection

Question 20

Artificial selection

Answer 20

Is the selective
breeding of domesticated plants and
animals to promote the occurrence of
“desirable” traits

Question 21

Natural selection

Answer 21

a process in which individuals that have certain heritable traits best
suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a higher rate
than individuals without those traits

Question 22

What does natural selection act as?

Answer 22

the selective agent.

Question 23

Process of Evolution

Answer 23

Environment—>Natural Selection—-> Evolution

Question 24

Population

Answer 24

a group of individuals of single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area.

Question 25

Do individuals evolve

Answer 25

no populations evolve.

Question 26

Mutation

Answer 26

a heritable change in the genetic material (nucleotide base sequence is changed permanently) that can be passed from cell to cell or from parent to offspring

Question 27

Gene pool

Answer 27

Is the sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population; it is the sum of the genetic variation in the population.

Question 28

Allele frequency

Answer 28

the proportion of each allele in the gene pool

Question 29

Genotype frequency

Answer 29

the proportion of each genotype among individuals in the population

Question 30

Adaptation

Answer 30

a particular structure, physiological process or behavior that makes an organism better able to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 31

Biological fitness

Answer 31

reflects an organism’s overall ability, due to its inherited traits, to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment, relative to the ability of other individuals in that population

Question 32

Reproductive stress

Answer 32

a measure of an organism’s ability to contribute to the next generation’s gene pool through surviving offspring

Question 33

microevolution

Answer 33

evolutionary changes below the species level; affects allele frequencies (What we study)

Question 34

Conditions that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 34

-No mutation -No selection among genotypes -no gene flow -population size is infinite - mating must be random