Histology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic structural functional unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

2 types of Cells

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Composed of Phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable and separates cells from other cells

A

Plasma Membrane

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4
Q

Parts of the plasma membrane

A

Lipid Bilayer
Proteins
Carbohydrates

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5
Q

What type of molecules can easily cross through the phosphilibid bilayer

A

Non polar (oxygen, CO2, Lipids)

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6
Q

What allows the non polar molecules to easily pass through the lipid bilayer

A

Hydrophobic chain

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7
Q

How can polar molecules pass through the phospholipid bilayer

A

Active Transport, Integral Proteins

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8
Q

transports small, nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer. Lipophilic (fat-soluble) molecules diffuse through membranes
readily, water very slowly.

A

Diffusion

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9
Q

are multipass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively.

A

Channels

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10
Q

Water molecules usually cross the plasma membrane
through channel proteins called

A

Aquaporins

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11
Q

are transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate them across the membrane via conformational changes in the
proteins

A

Carriers

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12
Q

Short numerous membrane extensions supported by microtubules. Occurs on the exposed membrane surfaces of some cells.

A

Cilia

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13
Q

Long, singular membrane extension supported by microtubules. present on sperm cells.

A

Flagellum

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14
Q

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface supported by microfilaments.

A

Microvilli

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15
Q

Increases membrane surface area for greater absorption.

A

Microvilli

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16
Q

Large structure enclosed within a double membrane; contains (chromatin, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm)

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

Houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing protein synthesis.

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents; continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nuclear envelope

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19
Q

Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

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20
Q

Openings through the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear pores

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21
Q

Allow passage of materials between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

A

Nuclear pores

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22
Q

Large, prominent structure within the nucleus. Functions in synthesis of ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

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23
Q

Contents of cells between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. Responsible for many cellular processes.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes. Provides support for organelles.

A

Cytosol

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25
Membrane-bound and nonmembrane-bound structures. Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell.
Organelles
26
Extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape ribosomes attached on the cytoplasmic surface.
Rough ER
27
Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes; these proteins are secreted.
Rough Er
28
Extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids; forms vesicles and peroxisomes. Detoxifies potentially harmful compounds.
Smooth ER
29
Series of several elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures. Modifies packages and sorts materials that arrive from the ER.
Golgi Apparatus
30
Spherical-shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the Golgi Apparatus; contain digestive enzymes.
Lysosomes
31
Digest microbes or materials. The waste disposal of the cell. It produces hydrolytic enzymes called the **Lysozyme**
Lysosomes
32
Smaller, spherical-shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission; contain oxidative enzymes.
Peroxisomes
33
Detoxify specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell; engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA.
Peroxisomes
34
Synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen.
Mitochondria
35
Organelles composed of both protein and ribosomal RNA that are organized into both a large and small subunit; may be bound to a membrane or free in cytosol.
Ribosomes
36
Engage in protein synthesis: Bound ribosomes produce proteins that are secreted, incorporated into plasma membrane, and within lysosomes
Ribosomes
37
Organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubules, including **microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules**.
Cytoskeleton
38
Maintains intracellular structural support and organization of cells; participates in cell division; facilitates movement.
Cytoskeleton
39
Actin proteins monomers organized into two thin, intertwines protein filaments (actin filaments).
Microfilaments.
40
supports microvilli separate two cells during cytokinesis
Microfilaments
41
Various protein components; Provide structural support **stabilize junctions between cells.**
Intermediate filaments
42
Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin protein, supports the cilia and flagellum; participate in vesicular transport; separate chromosomes during the process of cell division.
Microtubules
43
Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles. Organizes microtubules, **participates in mitotic spindle formation.**
Centrosome
44
Aggregates of specific types of molecules. Serves as temporary storage for these molecules.
Inclusions
45
Couples **intermediate filaments to plasma membrane** at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion
Macula Adherens/ Desmosome
46
Couples **actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane** at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion
Zonula Adherens
47
**Seals adjacent cells together** to inhibit passage of molecules between them (control of permeability)
Zonula Occludens/ Tight Junctions
48
**Creates a conduit** between two adjacent cells for passage of small ions and informational macromolecules.
Nexus/ Gap Junctions
49
Vesicular pits, participates in endocytosis and exocytosis.
Invaginations
50
“Protein factories of the cell”, smallest organelle and is made in the nucleolus.
Ribosomes
51
Manufactures various organic compounds. Also serves as a transport membrane across the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
52
Outer membrane and inner membrane arranged in numerous folds of the mitochondria is called?
Cristae
53
It is a function of the lysosome; **removal of excess or nonfunctional organelles** and other cytoplasmic structures
Autophagy
54
What does the peroxisome produce and degrade?
H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide)
55
Very small abundant protein complexes •**Degrade non functional polypeptides** • also **remove proteins** no longer needed by the cell
Proteasomes
56
Who is responsible for degrading fatty acids
Peroxisome
57
Size of Microfilaments (Actin Monomer)
7nm
58
Size of Intermediate filament
8-12 nm
59
Size of Microtubules
25 nm
60
What is the microtubule made of
B-Tubulin (Beta) A- Tubulin (Alpha)
61
Accumulated metabolites but have little or no metabolic activity. Not present in all cells
Inclusions
62
Types of Cell inclusions
Lipd Droplets Glycogen Granules Pigmented Deposits (Melanin)
63
""Command center of the cell" • Dark, spherical-shaped structure • Stores the genetic code DNA
Nucleus
64
It is a bilipid membrane that covers the nucleus
nuclear envelope
65
Consists of DNA and all of the associated proteins involved in the organization and function of DNA.
Chromatin
66
2 types of chromatin
1. Heterochromatin 2. Euchromatin
67
4 distinct phases of the cell cycle
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
68
•Time gap between mitosis and DNA replication • Longest and most variable •Period of active RNA and protein synthesis
G1 phase
69
•Period of DNA synthesis
S phase
70
•Gap between DNA duplication and the next mitosis -Preparation for mitosis
G2 Phase
71
How long does the Mitosis phase last?
2.5-3 hours
72
How long does the gphase last?
25 hours
73
How long does the S phase last
8 hours
74
How long does the g2 phase last?
3-4 hours
75
Chromosomes duplicate, and the copies femain altached to each other.
Interphase
76
In the nucleus chromosomes condense and become visble. In the cytoplasm the spindle forms
Prophase
77
The nuclear membrane breaks apart, and the spindle starts to interact with the chromosomes.
Prometaphase
78
The copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle
Metaphase
79
Chromosomes separate into two genetically identical groups and more to opposite end of the spindle.
Anaphase
80
Nuclear membranes form around each of the two sets of chromosomes, the chromosomes begin to spread out, and the spindle begins to break down.
Telophase
81
The cell splits into two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent.
Cytokinesis
82
Synapsis and crossing-over begins in Meiosis
Late interphase
83
Crossing over continues. Paired chromosomes condonso.
Prophase I
84
Homologs separate into haploid daughter cells: sister chromatids remain joined.
Anaphase 1 or Telophase I
85
Homologous chromosomes line up double file
Metaphase 1
86
Chromosomes line up single file in haploid colls,
Metaphase II
87
Sister chromatids separate into nonidontical haploid cells.
Anaphase II or Telophase II
Histology
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