1
Q
consists of the paired kidneys and ureters, the
bladder, and the urethra
A
Urinary System
2
Q
Primary purpose of urinary system
A
formation of urine
3
Q
Water soluble waste products are excreted with the?
A
Urine
4
Q
Main function of kidneys
A
formation or urine
5
Q
Where is urine collected?
A
Urinary bladder
6
Q
One of the most sterile fluids in the body (more sterile than blood)
A
Urine in urinary bladder
7
Q
Drains the urine
A
Ureter
8
Q
Collects the urine
A
Urinary bladder
9
Q
Spills the urine out of the body to the environment
A
Urethra
10
Q
Flow Urine:
A
- Renal Cortex 6. Major Calyx
- Renal Medulla. 7. Renal Pelvis
- Renal Pyramids. 8. Ureter
- Renal Papilla. 9. Urinary Bladder
- Minor Calyx. 10. Urethra
11
Q
Rate of urine formation in adults
A
0.5mL/min
or
30mL/hr
12
Q
Rate of urine formation in children
A
1mL/min
or
60mL/hr
13
Q
When will the bladder will be distended but you can still hold it
A
300mL
14
Q
How much urine can your bladder hold until it urinates
A
1000mL
15
Q
- Excretion of water soluble waste products
- Regulation of water & electrolyte balance
- Regulation of acid-base balance
- Last to correct the acid base balance
A
Kidneys
16
Q
causes vasoconstriction, increasing peripheral
resistance, increasing blood pressure
A
Renin
17
Q
Final activation of vitamin D in the PCT
A
Kidney
18
Q
Right kidney is lower that left because of the?
A
Liver
19
Q
where nerves enter, the ureter exits, and blood and lymph vessels
A
Hilum
20
Q
Smaller branches, the minor calyces, arise from each?
A
Major calyx
21
Q
Within the hilum the upper end of the ureter expands as the renal pelvis and divides into?
A
2 or 3 major calyces
22
Q
The area surrounding the renal pelvis and calyces contains?
A
adipose tissue
23
Q
*Outer portion (near the capsule)
*Forms the urine
*Darker region with many corpuscles and cross sections of tubule
A
Renal Cortex
24
Q
Inner portion
Concentrates urine
A
Renal Medulla
25
The Renal Medulla Consists of 8-12 conical structures called?
renal pyramids
26
Renal pyramids are separated by extensions from the cortex called
renal columns
27
Each pyramid plus the cortical tissue at its base and along its sides constitutes a?
Renal Lobe
28
Striations extending from the medulla into the cortex are called
medullary rays
29
Medullary rays plus the attached cortical tissue are considered
lobules
30
The tip (apex) of each pyramid is called the?
renal papilla
31
Blood supply of Kidney
1. Renal Artery 7. Glomerular
2. Segmental artery 8. Capillaries
3. interlobar artery. 9. Efferent arterioles
4. Arcuate artery. 10. Peritubular capillaries
5. Interlobular artery. 11. Venule
6. Afferent arteriole. 12. Interlobular vein
32
Each kidney’s renal artery divides into how many segmental arteries?
2 or more
33
Around the renal pelvis, these branch further as the’_____________’, which extend between the renal pyramids toward the corticomedullary junction
interlobar arteries
34
The interlobar arteries divide again to form the’___________’ that run in an arc along the junction at the base of each renal pyramid.
arcuate arteries
35
radiate from the arcuate arteries, extending deeply into the cortex.
Smaller interlobular arteries
36
From the interlobular arteries arise the microvascular afferent arterioles, which divide to form a plexus of capillary loops called the’___________’, each of which is located within a renal corpuscle where the blood is filtered
glomerulus
37
Blood leaves the glomerular capillaries via?
Efferent arterioles
38
Efferent arterioles form ‘_____________’ to form parallel tassel-like bundles of capillary loops called the vasa recta
branches
39
penetrate deep into the medulla in association with the loops of Henle and collecting ducts.
Vasa Recta
40
Collectively, the cortex receives over’__________’blood than the medulla.
10 times more
41
The outermost peritubular capillaries and capillaries in the kidney capsule converge into small stellate veins that empty into the?
Interlobular veins
42
Almost same pressure w/ afferent arteriole
*Push fluid towards the bowman’s space
*Specialized type of capillary wherein you filter
Glomerular Capillary
43
Fenestrated without diaphragm
Covered by a visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule (simple squamous)
Glomerular Capillary
44
True capillary (should be bound between an arteriole & a venule; has a low pressure)
Peritubular Capillary
45
Thicker than efferent arteriole because it is a branch of your interlobular artery
Afferent Arteriole
46
Lining epithelium of the afferent and efferent arteriole and glomerular capillary?
Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
47
By which water and solutes in the blood leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron
filtration
48
Substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries.
Tubular secretion
49
Substances move from the tubular lumen across the
epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries.
Tubular reabsorption
50
Structural & functional unit of the kidneys
Nephrons
51
Fluid formed in nephrons are just called’__________’, when it reach the collecting tubule, it is the start where you call it urine
tubular fluid
52
originates in the cortex, at the renal corpuscle
surrounding a small tuft of glomerular capillaries
Nephron
53
Two kinds of nephron
1. Cortical Nephron
2. Juxtamedullary Nephron
54
Found in the middle of cortex (Junquiera: located almost completely at the cortex)
o SHORT Loop of Henle
Cortical Nephron
55
Efferent arteriole of cortical nephron will branch out to become?
Peritubular capillaries
56
Found near the medulla
o LONG Loop of Henle that extends to the medulla
(responsible for concentration of urine)
Juxtamedullary Nephron
57
Efferent arteriole of juxtamedullary nephron will branch out to become
Vasa Recta
58
Also known as straight blood vessels
Vasa Recta
59
Parts of Nephron
1. Renal Corpuscle 5. Straight distal tubule
2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3. Straight Proximal Tubule 6. Distal convoluted tubule
4. Loop of Henle
60
Area where you will modify your filtrate
5-12% reabsorption in DCT due to few brush borders
present
Distal Convoluted Tubule
61
Types of Loop of Henle
1. Thick and Thin descending
2. Main loop of Henle
3. Thin and Thick ascending
62
from renal corpuscle to collecting duct
Urineferous Tubule
63
Structures present in the cortex:
1. Renal corpuscle
2. Proximal tubule
3. Distal tubule
4. Some parts of collecting tubule and duct
64
Structure present in the medulla
1. Segments of loop of Henle
2. Most of collecting duct
3. Some of collecting tubule
65
Size of Renal Corpuscle
200 μm in diameter
66
Renal corpuscle Containing a tuft of glomerular capillaries called?
Glomerulus
67
Lining epithelium or glomerulus
Simple Squamous
68
Surrounded by a double-walled epithelial capsule called the?
glomerular (Bowman) capsule
69
The internal or visceral layer of this capsule closely envelops the?
glomerular capillaries
70
Lining epithelium of glomerular capillaries
Simple Squamous
71
Between the two capsular layers is the’___________’, which receives the fluid filtered through the capillary wall and visceral layer
capsular/Bowman’s urinary space
72
Where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent
arteriole leaves
Vascular Pole
73
Where the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) begins
Tubular Pole
74
The visceral layer of a renal corpuscle consists of unusual stellate epithelial cells called?
podocytes
75
Together with the capillary endothelial cells compose the apparatus for
Renal filtration
76
give rise to interdigitating secondary processes or
pedicels
Podocytes
77
cover much of the capillary surface or fenestra,
in direct contact with the basal lamina
Pedicels
78
Filtration Barriers
•Filtration Slits/Pores
•Basal Membrane
•Glomerular endothelium
79
Spaces between pedicels
Modified tight junctions
Around 20-30μm (substances that are >30μm will not be
filtered)
Filtration slits/pores
80
Filtration slits/pores filters __% of the plasma
30%
81
Formed by basal laminas of pedicel & glomerulus
o 300-360nm
o The most substantial part of the filtration barrier that
separates the blood from the capsular space
Basal Membrane
82
Basal Membrane forms by fusion of the _____ and _____ produced basal laminae
capillary and podocyte
83
Filtration barrier with simple squamous epithelium
Glomerular Endothelium
84
Deep or intercapillary cells
- Can be found inside the glomerulus
Phagocytic: remnants will be cleaned by engulfing
Intraglomerular mesangial cells/Mesangial cells
85
Maintain/ support shape & integrity of filtration barrier
- Has Angiotensin II receptors
Intraglomerular mesangial cells/Mesangial cells
86
LE: simple cuboidal with brush borders (microvilli)
Cuboidal cells are larger
Brush borders: long and plenty
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
87
increases absoprtive capacity of PCT
Microvilli
88
Plenty of brush borders = ↑ reabsoprtion
- Specialized for both reabsorption and secretion
- Reabsorbs sugar & amino acid
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
89
Most of the filtered substances will be reabsorbed here (obligatory reabsorption)
- 80-100% reabsoprtion
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
90
The cells of the ______ have central nuclei and very acidophilic cytoplasm because of the abundant mitochondria
proximal tubules
91
-Capable of contraction
-Collection of debris
Intraglomerular mesangial cells/Mesangial cells
92
- are involved in further adjusting the salt content of the filtrate
- Cuboidal cells of the loops’ TALs actively transport sodium and chloride ions out of the tubule against a concentration gradient making that compartment hyperosmotic
LOOP OF HENLE
93
This causes water to be withdrawn passively from the thin descending part of the loop, thus concentrating the filtrate
loop of henle
94
Features similar to PCT
LE: simple cuboidal with brush borders
- Seen in the medulla
Thick descending limb
95
LE: simple squamous
-Reabsorbs sugar & amino acid
Thin descending limb, Main loop, Thin ascending limb
96
LE: simple cuboidal (same with DCT)
- Reabsorb sodium chloride (NaCl) but are impermeable to
water
Thick ascending loop
97
LE: simple cuboidal with few or some brush borders
- Smaller cuboidal cells compared to PCT
- Reabsorption of around 5-12% is still present
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
98
Utilizes feedback mechanisms to regulate glomerular blood flow and keep the rate of glomerular filtration relatively constant
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
99
Portion of the afferent arteriole near the DCT where its
tunica media (smooth muscles) became granular
- Both afferent and efferent arteriole can form this
since both of them are near the DCT, BUT most of the
time afferent arteriole is the one that forms?
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cell
100
Secrete Renin
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cell
101
Vasoconstrictor
- Will go to liver to activate Angiotensinogen to become
Angiotensin I
- Angiotensin I will go to the lungs (most numerous
ACE) to be converted to Angiotensin II
Renin
102
_____ will go to:
•Adrenal glands to produce aldosterone for Na
reabsorption
•Pituitary gland to produce ADH or vasopressin
•Potent vasoconstrictor
Angiotensin II
103
Portion of DCT near afferent arteriole that became simple columnar epithelium
- Determine Na content/tonicity of urine
Macula densa
104
Communication between JG apparatus & macula densa
- Produce erythropoietin
Lacis cells/ Extraglomerular mesangial cells/erythropoietin producing organ cell/Polkissen cells/EPO cell
105
Elevated arterial pressure increases glomerular capillary blood pressure, which increases the GFR. Higher GFR leads to higher luminal concentrations of ___ and ___ in the TAL of the nephron, which are monitored by cells of the macula densa.
Na+ and Cl−
106
Increased ion levels in the lumen cause
cells of the macula densa to release ____ that trigger contraction of the afferent arteriole, which lowers glomerular pressure and decreases the GFR. This lowers tubular ion concentrations, which turns off the release of vasoconstrictors from themacula densa.
ATP
107
Decreased arterial pressure leads to increased autonomic stimulation to the JGA as a result of __________. This causes the JG cells to release renin. There renin cleaves the plasma protein angiotensinogen into the angiotensin I.
baroreceptor function
108
________ on lung capillaries clips this further to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that directly raises systemic blood pressure and stimulates the adrenals to secrete
aldosterone
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
109
promotes Na + and water reabsorption in the distal convoluted and connecting tubules, which raises blood volume to help increase blood pressure. The return of normal blood pressure turns off secretion of renin by JG cells
Aldosterone
110
LE: simple cuboidal, but distal portion of collecting tubule is simple columnar
- Connecting tubule: connects DCT & Collecting tubule
- Collecting tubules: drain into collecting ducts
CONNECTING & COLLECTING TUBULES
111
Lining epithelium
- Proximal portion: simple columnar
- Distal portion: pseudostratified columnar
- Distal most portion near the renal papilla: transitional
(uroepithelium)
COLLECTING DUCT
112
Composed mainly of pale-staining principal cells with few organelles, sparse microvilli, and unusually distinct cell boundaries.
• Scattered among the principal cells are variably darker intercalated cells, or IC cells, with more abundant mitochondria and projecting apical folds
Collecting Duct
113
a few of which also occur in the DCTs, help maintain acid-base balance by secreting either H+ or HCO3−
Intercalated cells
Histology
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