1
Q
Important structures of the Endocrine system
A
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal Gland
- Testicles
- Ovaries
2
Q
Two systems for controlling physiologic processes
A
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
3
Q
exerts point-to-point control through nerves
A
Nervous system
4
Q
controls by secretion of hormone into the bloodstream
A
Endocrine System
5
Q
Located at the base of the brain (surrounded by the circle of Willis)
A
Pituitary Gland
6
Q
connection of the gland to the hypothalamus
A
Infundibulum
7
Q
part of the sphenoid bone wherein the gland lies
A
Sella turcica
8
Q
Two parts of the pituitary gland
A
- Anterior Pituitary gland
- Posterior Pituitary gland
9
Q
other term for anterior pituitary gland
A
adenohypoohysis
10
Q
Derivation of anterior pituitary gland
A
Rathke’s pouch
11
Q
parts of the anterior pituitary gland
A
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars Intermedia
- Pars Distalis
12
Q
envelopes the pituitary stalk
A
Pars tuberalis
13
Q
Secretion of Pars tuberalis
A
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
14
Q
intimately in-contact with the posterior pituitary
A
Pars intermedia
15
Q
secretion of pars intermedia
A
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
16
Q
Landmark structure of Pars intermedia
A
Rathke’s cyst
17
Q
vesicle filled with colloid
o Note: Highly-vascular (as with all endocrine glands)
A
Rathke’s cyst
18
Q
(largest & most anterior lobe)
o AKA. anterior pituitary gland
A
Pars distalis
19
Q
secretions of Pars distalis
A
7 peptides hormones
20
Q
3 populations of cells at the pars distalis
A
- Acidophils/Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Chromophobes
21
Q
staining reaction of Acidophils/eosinophils
A
Red
22
Q
location of Acidophils/eosinophils
A
center
23
Q
secretion of acidophils/eosinophils
A
growth hormone & prolactin
24
Q
staining reaction of Basophils
A
Blue
25
location of Basophils
edges
26
secretion pf Basophils
1. ACTH
2. TSH
3. FSH
4. LH
27
staining reaction of Chromophobes
pale-staining
28
Morphology of chromophobes
clear nuclei & scanty-cytoplasm
29
AKA. pars nervosa
▪ Derivation – downward invagination of the hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary gland
30
other term for Posterior pituitary gland
neurohypophysis
31
storage reservoir of ADH vasopressin & oxytocin
Posterior pituitary gland
32
composition of posterior pituitary gland
1. axonal fibers
2. pituicytes
33
structures of the posterior pituitary gland
1. Axonal Fibers
2. Neuroglial cells
3. Herring Bodies
34
due to being a downward invagination from the
hypothalamus
Axonal fibers
35
non-neuronal supporting cells
Neuroglial cells (Pituicytes)
36
storage form of ADH & oxytocin
Herring Bodies
37
Hypophyseal portal system
o Superior hypophyseal artery
o Hypophyseal veins
38
Location – anterior surface of the trachea; inferior to the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s
apple)
▪ Composition – two lobes connected by an isthmus
Thyroid Gland
39
Structures of the thyroid gland
1. Thyroid Follicles
2. Parafollicular Cells
40
Lining epithelium of Thyroid follicles
simple cuboidal epithelium
41
cells forming lining of thyroid follicles
thyroid follicular cells
42
secretion of thyroid follicles
thyroglobulin
43
storage of thyroid follicles
Colloid
44
large-pale staining cells
Parafollicular cells
45
location of parafollicular cells
interspersed between thyroid follicles
46
secretion of parafollicular cells
calcitonin
47
lowers blood calcium
Pararollicular cells
48
embedded on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
▪ Composition – four tiny glands (in pairs superiorly & inferiorly)
Parathyroid gland
49
secretion of parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
50
raises blood calcium
Parathyroid gland
51
Structures of Parathyroid gland
1. Thin capsule
2. Chief cells
3. Oxyphil cells
52
separates the gland from the thyroid gland
Thin capsule
53
▪ **Morphology** – darker & smaller in size
▪ **Description** – more abundant
▪ **Staining reaction** – basophilic
▪ **Secretion** – parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Chief Cells
54
Morphology – **lighter & larger in size**
▪ Staining reaction – **eosinophilic**
▪ Secretion – none
Oxyphil cells
55
both an endocrine & exocrine in function
Pancreas
56
surrounds pancreas
Capsule
57
divides pancreas into sections
Septa
58
Morphology – compound tubuloacinar glands
Pancreas
59
pyramidal-shaped cells lining the pancreatic acinus with double-staining characteristic
Pancreatic acinar cells
60
content of apex of pancreas
Basophilic granules
61
content of base of pancreas
acidophilic rough endoplasmic reticulum
62
cells lining the pancreatic ducts located at the center of the acinus
Centroacinar cells
63
secretion of pancreas
pancreatic fluid (alkaline)
64
volume of pancreatic fluid
1500-3000 mL
65
composition of pancreatic fluid
1. Water 5. Amylases
2. Ions 6. Nucleases
3. Proteases 7. Ribonucleases
4. Lipases
66
other term for Exocrine anatomy of the pancreas
pancreatic acinus
67
arrangement of endocrine anatomy of pancreas
generic or random
68
under hematoxylin stain the islet of Langerhans is indistinguishable arrangement of cells in the pancreatic islet. T/F?
True
69
Under immunohistochemistry stain the alpha cells are located at the?
Periphery
70
Under immunohistochemistry stain the Beta cells are located at the?
All throughout
71
visualized as a means of separation of the islet from the acinar cells around it
Reticular fibers
72
Under Gomori’s trichrome stain alpha cells are stained?
Red
73
Under Gomori’s trichrome stain Beta cells are stained?
blue
74
clusters or clumps of cells surrounding abundant capillaries
Alpha and Beta Cells
75
Cells of the pancreatic islets
1. Alpha Cells (20%)
2. Beta Cells (70%)
3. Delta Cells (5%)
76
Alpha cells secretes?
glucagon
77
Beta cells secretes?
Insulin
78
Delta cells secretes?
Somatostatin
79
Location – on the superior pole of the kidneys
▪ Coverings of the adrenal gland
o Thick connective tissue capsule
o Adipose tissue coverings
Adrenal Gland
80
Two layers of adrenal gland
1. Adrenal cortex
2. Adtenal Medulla
81
Outer layer of adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
82
3 sublayers of adrenal cortex
1. Zona Glomerulosa
2 Zona Fasciculata
3. Zona Reticularis
83
glomerulosa means?
flower-like
84
layer immediately underneath the capsule
▪ Composition – clumps, cords, and follicle-like structures
Zona Glomerulosa
85
secretion of Zona Glomerulosa
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
86
fasciculata means?
straight
87
Description – very thick & pale-staining middle layer
▪ Composition – spongiocytes in cords
Zona Fasciculata
88
secretion of Zona Fasciculata
cortisol/cortisone (glucocorticoids)
89
reticularis means
Crisscross
90
Description – layer immediately above the medulla
▪ Composition – darker-staining cells
Zona Reticularis
91
Secretion of Zona Reticularis
Androgen or DHEA (sex steroids)
92
Secretion of zona reticularis in males
Testosterone (anabolic steroids)
93
Secretion of Zona Reticularis in females
estrogen/progesterone
94
modified sympathetic ganglion (neuroendocrine gland)
• Composition – chromaffin cells (since they have high affinity to silver stain)
Adrenal Medulla
95
secretion of adrenal medulla
epinephrine and Norepinephrine
96
Characterized by low cortisol and aldosterone levels with a high testosterone in newborns. Treatment is prenatal dexamethasone to control the ACTH and hydrocortisone.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
97
What does the endocrine cells of the testes secrete
Testosterone
98
Function of testosterone
Sperm production
99
What is the sperm production stimulated with?
FSH
100
Secretion of Sertoli
Inhibin
101
function of Sertoli (Sustentacular cells)
Balances Fsh
102
Description – convoluted tubules
▪ Cells composing the lining epithelium of the seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules
103
Morphology – triangular nucleus
Sertoli Cells
104
Functions of the Sertoli cells
▪ Secretes inhibin hormone
▪ Nourish developing spermatocyte
▪ Blood-testes barrier
105
least developed at the base & most developed at the lumen
Spermatogenic cells
106
DNA of Spermatogonium
diploid
107
Description – located at the base
• Function – can undergo mitosis to replenish population or differentiate into primary spermatocytes
spermatogonium
108
DNA of primary spermatocyte
Diploid
109
– very prominent chromatins (appear as ball of yarn)
– can undergo meiosis 1 → secondary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte
110
DNA of Secondary spermatocyte
Haploid
111
never seen as they rapidly-undergo meiosis 2
– can undergo meiosis 2 → spermatids
Secondary spermatocyte
112
DNA of Spermatids
Haploid
113
– close to the lumen with very round & condensed
nucleus
– can undergo spermiogenesis (morphologic change)
Spermatids
114
DNA of Spermatozoa (spermatocytes)
Haploid
115
– at or close to the lumen with a head, tail, and an oval-nucleus (appear as rice grains)
Spermatozoa
116
found in the interstitium between the seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells of Leydig
117
Hormones of Ovaries
1. Estrogen
2. Progesterone
3. Inhibin
118
from the ovarian follicles (in response to FSH)
Estrogen
119
from the corpus luteum (in response to LH)
Progesterone
120
decreases estrogen production
Inhibin
121
modified connective tissue located immediately outside the membrana granulosa
Theca Interna
122
produces the precursors for estrogen & androgen production
Theca Interna
123
several layers of granulosa cells which lines the follicle
Membrana granulosa
124
receives the precursors & are converted to estrogen
Membrana Granulosa
125
part of the epithalamus at the posterior aspect of the third ventricle
▪ Secretion – melatonin
Pineal Gland
126
Derivation of Pineal gland
Serotonin
127
– regulates circadian rhythm (sleep cycle)
o Also, inhibits hypothalamic-releasing factors while also decreasing reproductive
function
Pineal Gland
128
histological landmark allowing for identification of the pineal gland.
mulberry-like structures which can be calcified & appears in x-rays
Corpora arenacea (brain sands)
129
Cells of Pineal Gland
1. Neuroglial cells
2. Pinealocytes
3. Corpora arenacea (brain sands)
130
interspersed between pinealocytes
Neuroglial cells
131
secretes melatonin
Pinealocytes
132
characteristic histological landmark of the pineal gland
Corpora arenacea (brain sands)
Histology
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