ch 5

Question 1

four major categories of macromolecules

Answer 1

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Question 2

carbohydrates

Answer 2

the most abundant organic compound in nature (normally contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in the approximate formula CH2O6)

Question 3

lipids are not a what?

Answer 3

polymer, because it has diverse building blocks

Question 4

monosaccharides

Answer 4

simple sugars with backbones of three to seven carbon atoms (glucose and fructose)

Question 5

disachharides

Answer 5

formed when two monosaccharides bond together by dehydration synthesis (sucrose)

Question 6

lipids

Answer 6

fatty or oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water (oils and fats)

Question 7

saturated vs unsaturated

Answer 7

saturated - double bonds
unsaturated - at least one double bond between carbon atoms

Question 8

waxes

Answer 8

lipids consisting of long-chain fatty acids bonded to long chain alcohol other than glycerol

Question 9

phospholipids

Answer 9

constructed like fats, but one of the fatty acids is usually replaced by a phosphate group

Question 10

proteins

Answer 10

regulate chemical reactions in cells and are usually very large and consist of one or more polypeptide chains (only work if they have shape or structure)

Question 11

polypetide

Answer 11

chains of amino acids

Question 12

nucleic acids

Answer 12

very large, complex polymers; vital to internal communication and cell functioning

Question 13

what is DNA and RNA composed of?

Answer 13

nucleotides

Question 14

what do amino chains of amino acids contain?

Answer 14

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Question 15

funtional group

Answer 15

Question 16

polymers

Answer 16

formed when two or more small units (monomers) bond together

Question 17

dehydration synthesis

Answer 17

removal of water in the formation of a bond (monomer to polymer) (links monomers into polymers)

Question 18

hydrolysis

Answer 18

when hydrogen becomes attached to one monomer and a hydroxyl group to the other (polymer to monomer) (disconnects polymers into monomers)

Question 19

monomer

Answer 19

small building block molecules

Question 20

four examples of polysaccharides

Answer 20

chitin, glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 21

cellulose

Answer 21

tough, indigestible, structural material in plants

Question 22

starch

Answer 22

easily digested, storage form in plants

Question 23

glycogen

Answer 23

sugar storage form in animals; large stores in muscle and liver cells; when blood sugar decreases, liver cells degrade glycogen, release glucose

Question 24

chitin

Answer 24

nitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers; chitin occurs in protective body coverings of many animals, including ticks

Question 25

four types of lipid

Answer 25

fats, phospholipids, waxes, and sterols (most include fatty acids)

Question 26

two important features of phospholipids

Answer 26

1. hydrogen + carbon region 2. hydrophobic and insoluble in water (hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails)

Question 27

structures of amino acids

Answer 27

Question 28

primary structure and protein shape

Answer 28

- allows hydrogen to form between different amino acids along length of chain - puts R groups in positions that allow them to interact

Question 29

secondary structure

Answer 29

- hydrogen bonds form between different parts of polypeptide chain - these bonds give rise to coiled or extended pattern - helix or pleated sheet

Question 30

tertiary structure

Answer 30

folding as a result of interactions between R groups

Question 31

quaternary structure

Answer 31

some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain

Question 32

structures of nucelotide

Answer 32

1. 5-carbon sugar 2. a phosphate group 3. nitrogen-containing base (ATGC - 4 types

Question 33

organic

Answer 33

a carbon + some hydrogen

Question 34

inorganic

Answer 34

without carbon including CO2

Question 35

glucose

Answer 35

most common monosaccharide in living organism

Question 36

tryglyceride

Answer 36

lipid, are most common fats (fatty acids attached to glycerol)

Question 37

polysachhardies

Answer 37

chains of single sugars

Question 38

phospholipids

Answer 38

lipid; have water-soluble "heads" and water insoluble "tails"

Question 39

sterols

Answer 39

lipids; their derivatives have no fatty acids

Question 40

peptide bond

Answer 40

type of covalent bond; links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next; forms through condensation reaction

Question 41

lipoproteins

Answer 41

proteins combined with cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids

Question 42

glycoproteins

Answer 42

proteins combined with oligosaccharides

Question 43

DNA

Answer 43

double stranded; consists of four types of nucleotides; A bound to T; C bound to G

Question 44

RNA

Answer 44

usually single strand; four types of nucleotides; unlike DNA, contains the base uracil in place of thymine

Question 45

enzymes

Answer 45

important proteins that guide all chemical reactions in the cell (natural catalysts)

Question 46

difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 46

DNA: adenine (A) always with thymine (T) and guanine (G) always with cytosine (C) RNA: thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) so A and U pair

Question 47

nucleoside

Answer 47

nitrogenous base +sugar