Ch 6

Question 1

Three common features of all cells

Answer 1

1. plasma membrane
2. region where DNA is stored
3. cytoplasm

Question 2

three major membrane proteins

Answer 2

1. transport protein
2. receptor protein
3. recognition protein

Question 3

cell theory

Answer 3

• every organism is composed of one or more cells
• cells are the smallest unit having properties of life
• continuity of life arises from the growth and division of single cells

Question 4

light microscopes

Answer 4

simple or compound; visible light is passed through a specimen and through glass lenses

Question 5

electron microscope

Answer 5

transmission EM (TEM) or Scanning EM (SEM); used to study subcellular structures

Question 6

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

Answer 6

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

Question 7

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

Answer 7

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

Question 8

what is the limitation of a light microscope

Answer 8

it uses the visible light of solar energy; visible light has a very narrow range of visibility

Question 9

size comparison

Answer 9

Question 10

prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

archaea and bacteria; DNA is not enclosed in nucleus; generally the smallest, simplest cells; no organelles

Question 11

eukaryotic cells

Answer 11

have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Question 12

eukaryotic organisms

Answer 12

plants, animals, fungi, protistans

Question 13

functions of the nucleus

Answer 13

Question 14

4 types of junctions

Answer 14

1. tight junctions
2. adhering junctions
3. gap junctions: desmosomes
4. plasmodesmata

Question 15

tight junctions

Answer 15

make the cell leakproof - epithelial cell, organ, in animal

Question 16

adhering junction: desmosomes

Answer 16

attached cells together - skin,etc, in animal

Question 17

gap junctions

Answer 17

connect cytoplasm in adjacent cells; in animal

Question 18

plasmodemsata

Answer 18

allow communication between cells - channel, in plants

Question 19

cell fraction

Answer 19

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

Question 20

nuceloid

Answer 20

Where DNA is held in prokaryotic organisms

Question 21

cytoplasm is where in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 21

bound by the plasma membrane

Question 22

where is the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

Answer 22

in the region between plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 23

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 23

provides shape, support, and movement

Question 24

4 important functions of cytoskeleton

Answer 24

cell shape, cell movement, organelle movement, and cell division

Question 25

microtubules

Answer 25

(largest >12nm)

Question 26

intermediate filaments

Answer 26

(medium, 8-12nm)

Question 27

microfilaments

Answer 27

thinnest, 5-7nm)

Question 28

what are the cilia and flagella

Answer 28

move the cell through fluid or move fluid pas the cell

Question 29

differences of cilia and falgella

Answer 29

cilia: eyelash flagella: whip differences: length, number, and the direction of the force they generate

Question 30

plasma membrane

Answer 30

phospholipid bilayer (basically a barrier)

Question 31

plasma membrane functions

Answer 31

1. communication - communicate with adjacent cells 2. regulation - regulates the entry and exit of substances 3. protection - protect the cell from predators from outside water

Question 32

what determines the size of cells

Answer 32

s to v ratio (s: surface area, v: volume)

Question 33

difference between animal and plant cells

Answer 33

animal: centriole, lysosomes, flagellum plant: cell wall, chloroplast, central vacoule, plastid

Question 34

nucleus

Answer 34

manager of the cell, contains DNA in eukaryotic cell

Question 35

nucelar envelope

Answer 35

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

Question 36

peroxisomes

Answer 36

specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

Question 37

components of the endomembrane system

Answer 37

1. nuclear envelope 2. endoplasmic reticulum 3. golgi apparatus 4. lysosomes 5. vacuoles 6. plasma membrane

Question 38

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 38

accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

Question 39

smooth ER

Answer 39

lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions

Question 40

rough ER

Answer 40

surface studded with ribosomes, makes proteins (with ribosomes), membrane factory for the cell, distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by the membrane

Question 41

golgi apparatus (golgi complex)

Answer 41

the postal office of the cell, consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Question 42

gogli apparatus functions

Answer 42

- modifies products of the ER - manufactures certain macromolecules - sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Question 43

lysosomes: digestive organelle

Answer 43

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

Question 44

phagocytosis

Answer 44

some types of cells can engulf another cell by phagocytosis (inside food source)

Question 45

autophagy

Answer 45

inside food source

Question 46

different types of vacuoles

Answer 46

food vacuole, central vacuoles, and contractile vacuoles

Question 47

food vauoles

Answer 47

only in animals cells, formed by phagocytosis

Question 48

central vacuoles

Answer 48

found only in plant cells, holds organic and water

Question 49

contractile vacuoles

Answer 49

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Question 50

mitochondria

Answer 50

the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP (know structure)

Question 51

chloroplasts

Answer 51

found in plants and algea, the sites of photosynthesis

Question 52

dynein

Answer 52

a working motor protein for flagellum and cilia

Question 53

pseudopodia (cellular extensions)

Answer 53

extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments

Question 54

christae

Answer 54

presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP