chapter 1

Question 1

what is anatomy

Answer 1

scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure (size & shape of bones)

Question 2

what is physiology?

Answer 2

scientific investigation of the process or functions of living things (ex. understand/predict the bodies response to stimuli)

Question 3

what is a gross topic of anatomy

Answer 3

structures examined without a microscope

Question 4

what are the gross topics of anatomy?

Answer 4

regional: studied area by area
systemic: studied system by system
surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as in x-rays in anatomic imaging

Question 5

what is the microscopic topic of anatomy?

Answer 5

structures seen with the microscope

Question 6

what are the types of microscopic topics?

Answer 6

cytology: study of cellular anatomy
histology: study of tissues

Question 7

cell physiology

Answer 7

processes in cells

Question 8

neurophysiology

Answer 8

the nervous system

Question 9

cardiovascular

Answer 9

the heard & blood vessels

Question 10

what are subject that encompass both anatomy and physiology?

Answer 10

-pathology
-exercise physiology

Question 11

pathology

Answer 11

structural & functional changes caused by disease

Question 12

exercise physiology

Answer 12

changes in structure and function caused by exercise

Question 13

what are the six levels of organization?

Answer 13

1. chemical level: interaction of atoms/molecules
2. cell level: functional unit of life
3. tissue level: groups of similar cells and surrounding materials
4. organ level: one or more tissues functioning together
5. organ system level: group of organs functioning together
6. organism level: any living thing

Question 14

what are the characteristics of life?

Answer 14

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

Question 15

what is organization

Answer 15

condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

Question 16

what is metabolism?

Answer 16

all chemical reactions of the body

Question 17

what is responsiveness

Answer 17

ability to sense changes and adjust

Question 18

what is growth

Answer 18

increase in size and/or number of cells

Question 19

what is development?

Answer 19

changes in an organism over time
1. differentiation: change in cell structure from general to specific
2. morphogenesis: change in shape or tissues, organs

Question 20

what is reproduction?

Answer 20

new cells or new organisms

Question 21

what is homeostasis?

Answer 21

the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
-values of variables fluctuate around the set point (the ideal normal value of a variable)

-the fluctuation makes a normal range of values

Question 22

what are the two types of feedback systems?

Answer 22

positive & negative

Question 23

what are the components of a feedback system?

Answer 23

receptor
control center
effector

Question 24

what is a receptor

Answer 24

monitors the value of some variable (i.e. BP)

Question 25

what is the control center

Answer 25

establishes the set point

Question 26

what is the effector

Answer 26

can change the value of the variable --> response

Question 27

what happens with negative feedback

Answer 27

any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted)

Question 28

what are some examples of negative feedback?

Answer 28

-regulation of blood ressre -body temperature -blood sugar

Question 29

what happens with positive feedback?

Answer 29

when a deviation occurs, the response is the make the deviation greater this is unusual in normal, healthy individuals - leads away from homeostasis --> death usually

Question 30

what is an example of harmful positive feedback?

Answer 30

after severe bleeding, BP drops & the hearts ability to pump blood decreases

Question 31

what is considered normal positive feedback?

Answer 31

childbirth

Question 32

what is anatomical position?

Answer 32

the body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

Question 33

supine position

Answer 33

lying face up

Question 34

prone position

Answer 34

lying face down

Question 35

superior vs inferior position

Answer 35

-superior (cephalic) is toward the head -inferior (caudal) is away from the head

Question 36

medial vs lateral position

Answer 36

relative to the midline

Question 37

proximal vs distal position

Answer 37

used to describe linear structures

Question 38

superficial vs deep position

Answer 38

relative to the surface of the body

Question 39

anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal)

Answer 39

anterior = forward posterior = toward the back

Question 40

what are the body planes?

Answer 40

-median -sagittal -frontal or coronal -transervse -oblique

Question 41

median & sagittal

Answer 41

median: through the midline sagittal: same plane, but to the left or the right

Question 42

frontal or coronal

Answer 42

divides body anterior and posterior

Question 43

transverse (cross)

Answer 43

divides body superior and inferior -cut organ at right angle to the length (up & down)

Question 44

oblique

Answer 44

other than at a right angle -cut organ at any but a right angle (like a diagonal chop)

Question 45

what are the body cavities

Answer 45

1. thoracic cavity 2. abdominal cavity 3. pelvic cavity

Question 46

what are the types of planes of section through an organ?

Answer 46

1. longitudinal 2. cross/transverse 3. oblique

Question 47

longitudinal

Answer 47

cut along the length

Question 48

amputation of the foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the ______ plane

Answer 48

transverse

Question 49

what is another word for median

Answer 49

sagittal

Question 50

what is another word for frontal

Answer 50

coronal

Question 51

what does the serous membrane do?

Answer 51

cover organs & lines cavities

Question 52

what is the inner part of the serous membrane called?

Answer 52

visceral serous membrane

Question 53

what is the outer layer of the serous membrane called?

Answer 53

parietal

Question 54

what is the cavity between the membranes like

Answer 54

there is a lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes

Question 55

what is the heart called in relation to serous membranes

Answer 55

pericardium

Question 56

what are the lungs & thoracic cavity called in relation to serous membranes

Answer 56

pleura

Question 57

what is the abdominopelvic cavity called in relation to serous membranes

Answer 57

peritoneum

Question 58

what is the inflammation of the serous membranes around the heart called

Answer 58

pericarditis

Question 59

what is the inflammation of the serous membranes around the lungs called

Answer 59

pleuristy

Question 60

what is the inflammation of the serous membranes around the abdomen called

Answer 60

peritonitis

Question 61

who discovered x-rays & when

Answer 61

wilhelm roentgen

Question 62

radiography

Answer 62

shadowy negative of internal body structures

Question 63

computed tomography

Answer 63

computer analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body

Question 64

dynamic spatial reconstruction

Answer 64

3-D version of CT using multiple slices

Question 65

digital subtraction angiography

Answer 65

comparison of radiography with & without dye. used in blood vessel studies

Question 66

Ultrasound

Answer 66

-(US) -computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body

Question 67

magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 67

-MRI -used magnetism & radio waves to look for varying alignment of proteons in soft tissue

Question 68

positron emission tomography

Answer 68

(PET) -used radioactively labeled glucose- calculates metabolic activtiy of cells