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chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of neurons are peripheral nerves (PNS)

A

both motor & sensory

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2
Q

what are the types of motor neurons

A

somatic
autonomic

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3
Q

what do somatic neurons control

A

skeletal muscle (voluntary)

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4
Q

what do autonomic neurons control

A

smooth & cardiac muscle (involuntary), glands

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5
Q

what are the types of sensory neurons

A

just sensory neurons
-not divided into somatic & autonomic

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6
Q

how many synapses in somatic

A

one

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7
Q

how many synapses in autonomic

A

two

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8
Q

what neurotransmitter does somatic use

A

acetylcholine

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9
Q

what neurotransmitter does autonomic use

A

acetylcholine (preganglionic)
acetylcholine & norepinephrine (postganglionic)

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10
Q

what is the receptor molecule for somatic

A

nicotine

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11
Q

what is the receptor molecule for autonomic

A

varies: muscarinic, adrenergic, etc

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12
Q

are preganglionic axons myelinated or unmyelinated

A

myelinated

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13
Q

are postganglionic axons myelinated or unmyelinated

A

unmyelinated

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14
Q

why do postganglionic axons not need to be myelinated

A

they do rest & digest so it should be slow

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15
Q

what neurotransmitter is most common

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

which of the following is not an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
a. cardiac muscle
b. skeletal muscle
c. glands
d. smooth muscle in blood vessels

A

b. skeletal muscle

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17
Q

what does the ANS contain

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions & the enteric nervous system

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18
Q

do sympathetic & parasympathetic often supply the same organs?

A

yes- but their functions differ

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19
Q

what does the enteric nervous system consist of

A

nerve plexuses within wall of the digestive tract

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20
Q

how many sources does enteric nervous system have contributions from

A

3

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21
Q

what is enteric nervous system confined in

A

enteric plexuses

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22
Q

sensory neuron pathway

A

afferent
-digestive tract to cns

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23
Q

motor neuron pathway

A

efferent (exit!)
-cns to givestive tract

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24
Q

T/F: enteric nervous system can control digestive tract independent of CNS

A

true

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25
what is the function of enteric nervous system
stimulate/inhibit smooth muscle -stimulate/inhibit gland secretions -detect changes in contents of lumen
26
what is lumen
hole where food goes through digestive tract
27
what is sympathetic also called
thoracolumbar
28
what is parasympathetic also called
craniosacral
29
where are preganglionic cell bodies in sympathetic division
in lateral horns T1-L2 -thoracolumbar
30
what do the preganglionic axons pass through in sympathetic division?
ventral roots to white rami communicantes to the retroperitoneal sympatheric chain ganglia
31
are horns white or gray matter
gray matter
32
what are the four routes of sympathetic axons as they exit the sympathetic chain ganglia
-spinal nerves -sympathetic nerves -splanchnic nerves -innervation to the adrenal medulla
33
what is the route if sympathetic nerves exit through spinal nerves?
-preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons within sympathetic chain -the postganglionic neurons then exit through gray rami communicantes & re-enter spinal nerves -Preganglionic neuron → white ramus communicans → sympathetic chain ganglion → synapse → postganglionic neuron → gray ramus communicans → spinal nerve → target (skin glands, blood vessels, etc.)
34
what is the route if sympathetic nerves exit through sympathetic nerves?
(organs in thoracic cavity) -preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons, which exit the ganglia through sympathetic nerves sympathetic nerve to the heart -Preganglionic neuron → white ramus communicans → sympathetic chain ganglion → synapse → postganglionic neuron → sympathetic nerve → organ (ex: heart)
35
which route does not have a synapse in sympathetic chain ganglia?
splanchnic nerves
36
where are effectors in splanchnic nerves
in abdominopelvic cavity
37
what is the route if sympathetic nerves exit through splanchnic nerves?
-preganglionic axons pass through ganglia without synapsing then splanchnic nerves -preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons - collateral gangli. postganglionic neurons then inntervate organs -White ramus → sympathetic chain → NO synapse → splanchnic nerve → collateral ganglion (synapse) → organ
38
what is the route if sympathetic nerves exit through innervation to adrenal medulla
-preganglionic axons synapse with cells of adrenal medulla -adrenal medulla releases Ep and NE which are hormones that prepare for physical activity Preganglionic neuron → adrenal medulla → releases EPI + NE into blood (no postganglionic neuoron - the adrenal medulla IS the postganglionic neuron)
39
what does adrenal medulla develop from
same cells as postganglionic ANS cells
40
what are the hormones that prepare for physical activity & what are they released by
Ep & NE -released from adrenal medulla
41
sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the a. cranial & sacral regions b. lumbar & sacral region c. cranial & sacral regions d. thoracic & lumbar
d. thoracic & lumbar
42
where are preganglionic cell bodies found in the parasympathetic division?
in the brainstem & lateral gray matter in the spinal cord from S2-S4
43
where do preganglionic axons go through to the terminal ganglia?
cranial nerves -in the sacral region they go through pelvic splanchnic nerves
44
where are terminal ganglia located in the parasympathetic division?
near or on the effector organ -so the postganglionic axons has only a short distance to fo to its effector
45
arrange the following in correct sequence: 1. autonomic ganglia & ganglionic synapse 2. synapse with target tissues 3. preganglionic neuron 4. postganglionic neuron
3,1,4,2
46
how do sympathetic axons reach organs
through the -spinal nerves plus head & neck nerve plexuses -thoracic nerve plexuses -abdominopelvic nerve plexuses
47
what do spinal nerves plus head & neck plexuses innervate
sweat glands, smooth muscle of blood vessels to skeletal muscle & skin, & arrector pili
48
what do thoracic nerve plexuses innervate
cardia & pulmonary (heart & lungs)
49
what do abdominopelvic nerve plexuses plexuses innervate
celiac (diaphragm, stomach, spleen) mesenteric (colon, pancreas, small intestine) - other organs of abdominopelvic cavity
50
how do parasympathetic axons reach organs
through -cranial nerves supplying head & neck -vagus nerve & thoracic nerve plexus -abdominopelvic nerve plexus & part of vagus -pelvic splanchnic nerves & nerve plexuses
51
what neurons produce neurotransmitters
both neurons of sympathetic & parasympathetic
52
what is acetylcholine released by
cholinergic neurons -preganglionic neurons & postganglionic
53
what is norepinephrine released by
adrenergic neurons -postganglionic neurons
54
cholinergic receptors bind what & what are the forms
acetylcholine -nicotinic -muscarinic
55
tell me about where nicotinic receptors are located
it is located in the membranes of POSTganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia & the membranes of skeletal muscle cells
56
tell me about where muscarinic receptors are located
in the membranes of effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from POSTganglionic neurons
57
adrenergic receptors bind what are they further subdivided to
bind to norepinephrine -alpha & beta receptors -epinephrine has a greater effect on alpha & beta receptors
58
where are nicotinic receptors located
on the cell bodies of sympathetic & parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglion
59
what effect does ACh binding to receptor in nicotinic receptors have
an excitatory effect
60
where are muscarinic receptors located
on the cell of all parasympathetic effectors & on some sympathetic effectors such as sweat glands
61
what effect does ACh binding to receptor in muscarinic receptors have
an excitatory or inhibitory effect
62
where are adrenergic receptors located
on most sympathetic effectors
63
what effect does NE binding to receptor in adrenergic receptors have
an excitatory or inhibitory effect (ex. blood vessel)
64
which of the following is a sympathetic effect a. constriction of the pupils o the eye b. decreased heart rate c. dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs d. increased gastric secretions
c. dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs
65
what is albuterol
an adrenergic receptor stimulant -beta-adrenergic stimulants ( dilate bronchioles in lungs)
66
what is lopressor
-adrenergic blocking agents -treat high blood pressure (beta-blockers)
67
what do autonomic reflexes activities control
most of the activity of visceral organs, glands & blood vessels
68
what is autonomic reflex activity influenced by
hypothalamus & higher brain centers
69
what has overall control of ANS
hypothalamus
70
what does the adrenal medulla secrete
epinephrine & some NE
71
when does adrenal medulla secrete
during stress, physical activity, low blood glucose levels
72
when adrenal medulla secretes its neurotransmitters, what results on target tissues
-increased glucose release from liver to blood -increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood -increased HR -decreased BF through most internal organs -increased blood flow to skeletal muscles & heart -decreased function of visceral organs -increased blood pressure -increased MR of skeletal muscles
73
what happens with parasympathetic reflex via vagus in autonomic reflex
lowers heart rate
74
sympathetic reflex of autonomic reflex
via cardiac nerve (sympathetic nerve to heart) -causes increased HR
75
what do sensory neurons of the enteric plexuses supply
the CNS with information (autonomic reflex)
76
does local reflex involve CNS? what does it produce?
no -produces & involuntary & unconscious response
77
what is stretch of the wall of digestive tract detected by?
sensory neurons (independent of the CNS) send AP's that lead to contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle
78
what has the overall control of ANS? a. pituitary gland b. cortex of the brain c. cranial & thoracic regions d. hypothalamus
d. hypothalamus
79
what is dual innervation
most organs that receive autonomic neurons are innervated by the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
80
most organs use dual innervation? T/F
true
81
what are examples of dual innervation
gi tract heart urinary bladder
82
what does opposite effects mean?
its when a single structure has dual innervation & usually each division has opposite effects on the structure
83
is sympathetic important at rest?
yes! -blood vessel walls only have sympathetic stimulation - at rest, sympathetic is responsible for maintenance of BP
84
in general, does sympathetic or parasympathetic do resting conditions? & what is acronym?
-parasympathetic -SLUDD -salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation
85
what are the responses to exercise?
-increased HR & force of contraction -blood vessel dilation in skeletal/cardiac muscles -dilation of air passageways (bronchial tubes) -energy sources availability increased (glycogen to glucose, fat cells break down to triglycerides to free fatty acids) -muscle generate heat so body temp increases -sweat gland activity increases -decrease in nonessential organ activities
86
what are the only parasympathetic splanchnic nerves (All other splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.)
pelvic splanchnic nerves
87
parasympathetic division way of travel
Brainstem/Sacral spinal cord → LONG preganglionic → terminal ganglion near organ → SHORT postganglionic → effector
88
where does oculomotor nerve synapse
ciliary ganglion
89
what does oculomotor nerve control
ciliary muscle, iris muscle
90
where does facial nerve synapse
pterygopalatine ganglion/submandibular ganglion
91
what does facial nerve control
lacrimal & salivary glands
92
vagus nerve & thoracic plexuses innervate
heart & lungs
93
abdominopelvic nerve plexuses & parts of vagus innervate
stomach & other viscera
94
pelvic splanchnic nerves and nerve plexuses innervate what
colon, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
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