1
Q
what is an articulation
A
where two bones (or bone & cartilage) come together
2
Q
what is another word for joint
A
articulation
3
Q
what are the ways of naming articulations
A
bones/parts united
only one bone
latin equivalent to common name
4
Q
what are the types of articulations
A
freely moveable, limited, or no apparent movement
5
Q
what is structure correlated with
A
movement
6
Q
what are the structural classifications of joints
A
based on major connective tissue that binds.
-fibrous
-cartilagenous
-synovial
7
Q
what are the functional classifications of joints
A
based on degree of motion.
-synathrosis
-amphiathrosis
-diarthrosis
8
Q
what is synathrosis
A
non-moveable
9
Q
what is amphiarthorsis
A
slightly moveable
10
Q
what is darthosis
A
freely moveable
11
Q
joins are names by all the following except:
a. the united bones or portions of the bones in the joint.
b. one of the bones that is in the articulation.
c. the equivalent Latin or other names.
d. the function of the articulation
A
d. the function of the articulation
12
Q
what are the types of fibrous joints
A
sutures, syndesmoses, gomposes
13
Q
do fibrous joints move a lot?
A
no, they have little to no movement
14
Q
do fibrous joints have a joint cavity
A
no
15
Q
what are fibrous joints united by
A
fibrous connective tissue
16
Q
what are the types of sutures
A
type of fibrous joint
-sutural ligament: made of two layers of periosteum plus dense connective tissue in between. (connects bones until synostosis occurs)
-synostosis: fully ossified suture
-fontanels: in suture between bones. allow change in shape of head
17
Q
what happens with sutures
A
-bones interdigitate
-periosteum continues
18
Q
what do fontanels allow
A
change in shape of head
(beneficial for child birth)
19
Q
what is craniosynostosis of the sagittal suture
A
when parietal bones ossify
20
Q
what happens with syndesmosis
A
type of fibrous joint
-bones further apart than suture - joined by ligaments
21
Q
do syndesmosis fibrous joints have movement & what are the examples of this type
A
-they have some movement
- ex. radioulnar & interosseous membrane
22
Q
things of gomphoses
A
-specialized
-pegs into sockets
23
Q
periodontal ligaments
A
type of gomphosis fibrous joint
-teeth into place
24
Q
gingivitis
A
inflammation
-periodontal disease
25
gomphoses
specialized fibrous joing that anchors teeth into jaw
26
what happens with periodontal disease
it breaks down gomphoses
27
what is a fibrous joint
a. when two bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.
b. two bones grow together across a joint and form a single bone.
c. when two bones are united by fibrocartilage.
d. two bones grow together across a joint and form a synovial bone
a. when two bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.
28
what is synostosis
a. when two bones are united by fibrous C. T. (connective tissue).
b. two bones grow together across a joint and form a single bone.
c. when two bones are united by fibrocartilage.
d. two bones grow together across a joint and form a synovial bone.
b. two bones grow together across a joint and form a single bone
29
what are cartilaginous joints united by
cartilage
30
what are the types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses (hyaline cartilage)
-symphyses (fibrocartilage
31
do synchondrosis joints have movement
little or no movement
32
what type of cartilage is synchondroses
hyaline cartilage
33
T/F: most synchondrosis joints are permanent
false
- most are temporary & become synostoses
34
are all synchondrosis joints temportary?
no- 1st costochondral
35
what do most costochondral joints become become
synovial joints
36
what is symphyses
fibrocartilage
37
is symphyses moveable
slightly moveable (symphysis pubis; between manubrium & sternum body; intervertebral disks)
38
what causes a change in symphyses
pregnancy
-increase in estrogen, progesterone, & relaxin
39
what do synovial joints contain
synovial fluid
40
do synovial joints have movement?
yes--considerable movement
41
what are most joints of the appendicular skeleton made of?
synovial joints
-they offer greater mobility
42
main structures of the synovial joints
-articular cartilage: covers the ends of bones to reduce friction and absorb shock
-joint cavity: space between articulating bones that contains synovial fluid
-articular (joint) capsule: encloses the joint cavity; has two layers
43
aspects of joint capsule in synovial joints
-fibrous capsule (outer)
-synovial membrane: membrane lines inside of joint capsule (inner)
-synovial fluid: thin, lubricating film that covers the surfaces of joints (produced by membrane)
44
what encloses the articular surface
the joint cavity
45
what is the joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid
46
T?F: there are blood vessels & nerves int articular cartilage
no
47
what gives proprioception
nerves in capsule
48
what is a bursae
pockets of synovial membrane contains synovial fluid & provides a cushion between structures
49
what is an inflamed bursae called
bursitis
50
what are articular disks
Pads of fibrocartilage located inside some synovial joints
tmj
-sternoclavicular
-acromioclavicular
51
what is a meniscus
fibrocartilaginous pad
52
what are tendon sheaths
synovial tissue forming bursae that surround tendons for some distance
53
synovial joint characteristics include all the following except?
a. synovial fluid.
b. considerable movement.
c. most joints of appendicular skeleton.
d. no joint capsule.
d. no joint capsule.
54
what is housemaid's knee called
prepatellar burstits
55
which is not associated with synovial joints
a. nerves in the capsule around the joint.
b. synovial membrane lining the capsule.
c. synovial fluid contained within the capsule.
d. nerves on the surface of articular cartilage
d. nerves on the surface of articular cartilage
56
what are the movements at synovial joints
uniaxial
biaxial
mutliaxial
57
uniaxial
one axis
58
biaxial
two axes at right angles to each other
59
plane (gliding) joints movement
-uniaxial
-some rotation possible but limited
60
multiaxial
several axes
61
what is an example of plane (gliding) joints?
intervertebral
62
what is the movement of saddle joints
biaxial
63
what is an example of a saddle joint
thumb - carpometacarpal pollicis
64
what is the movement of hinge joints
uniaxial
65
what is a hinge joint like
convex cylinder in one bone; concavity in the other
66
what is an example of a hinge joint
elbow, "knee", ankle, interphalangeal
67
what is an example of pivot joints
dens of axis & atlas (atlantoaxial), proximal radioulnar
68
what is the movement of pivot joints
uniaxial
-rotation around a single axis
69
what is are pivot joints like
cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone ligament
70
what is the movement of ball-and-socket joints
multiaxial
71
what is an example of ball-and-socket joints
shoulder, hip joints
72
what is the movement of ellipsoid (condyloid) joints
biaxial
73
what is an ellipsoid (condyloid) joints
modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces ellipsoid
74
what is an example of ellipsoid (condyloid) joints
atlantoccipital
75
which of these Joints is correctly matched with the type of joint?
a. atlas to occipital condyle - pivot
b. scapula to humerus - saddle
c. femur to coxal bone - ellipsoid
d. tibia to talus - hinge
d. tibia to talus - hinge
76
an example of a pivot joint is:
a. atlantoaxial
b. femerocoxal
c. cubital
a. atlantoaxial
77
what are the three main types of movement
-gliding
-angular
-circular
78
where is gliding & whats the movement
in plane joints; slight movement
79
what are the types of angular movement
1. flexion & extension
-hyperextension
-plantar & dorsiflexion
2. abduction & adduction
80
what are the types of circular movement
1. rotation
2. pronation & supination
3. circumduction
81
what is the direction of flexion
anterior to the coronal plane
82
what is the direction of extension
a stretch posterior to the coronal plane (ex. bending backwards)
83
plantar flexion
move foot toward the plantar surface (standing on "tip toes")
84
flexion of knee
85
dorsiflexion
foot lifted towards shin
86
abduction
take away from the midline
(spreading dingers out, bringing arm away from body)
87
adduction
bring toward the midline
(fingers all next to each other, arm near body)
88
what is rotation
turning of a structure on its long axis (rotation of the head, humerus, or body)
89
what are the types of rotation
-medial: toward the midline
-lateral: away from the midline
90
what is pronation/supiation unique to
rotation of the forearm
91
what is pronation
palms facing posteriorly
92
what is supination
palm facing anteriorly
-holding soup
93
Spreading the fingers apart is___
a. rotation
b. flexion
c. abduction
d. adduction
c. abduction
94
for a ballet dancer to stand on. her toes, her feet must:
a. abduct
b. plantar flex
c. dorsiflex
d. invert
b. plantar flex
95
what is nursemaids elbow
subluxation of the radial head
96
what is circumduction specific to
the shoulder
97
what is circumduction
includes
-flexion
-extension
-abduction
-adduction
98
what is elevation & depression
elevation: bring the structure superior
depression: moves structure inferiorly
99
what do elevation & depression occur in
the scapula & the mandible
100
what are the parts of gliding motion
protraction
retraction
101
what structure does the gliding motion
mandible
102
what is protraction & retraction
protraction: moves mandible anterior (forward)
retraction: moves mandible back into the correct anatomical position
103
what does excursion occur in
the mandible
104
what is excursion
the mandible moved either to the right or to the left (lateral excursion) of the midline
medial: back to anatomical position
105
where does opposition & reposition occur
unique movement of the thumb & little finger
106
what is opposition & reposition
opposition: movement of the thumb & little finger (pinky) toward each other
reposition: return to anatomical position
107
where does inversion & eversion occur
foot
108
what is eversion & inversion
eversion: turns foot so sole faces laterally
inversion: moves foot so sole of foot faces the opposite foot
109
what are the characterstics of range of motion
a. amount of mobility
b. active: muscle contraction
c. passive: outside force
110
what are active/passive influenced by?
1. shape of articular surface/cartilage
2. strength/location of ligaments & tendons
3. location of muscles associated with joint
4. fluid or pain in & around joint
5. use/disuse of joint
111
what terms are used for turning the foot medially?
a. reversion
b. conversion
c. eversion
d. inversion
d. inversion
112
define range of motion & contrast active/passive
ROM: amount of mobility
active: by muscle contraction
passive: outside force moves joint
113
touching the thumb with little finger is called
a. abduction
b. adduction
c. flexion
d. opposition
e. reposition
d. oppostion
114
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
Deepens the glenoid cavity to increase stability of the shoulder joint.
115
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
a ball-&-socket synovial joint
116
is the shoulder more or less stable than the hip?
less stable than hip but more mobile
(shoulder can do circumduction)
117
what is the rotator cuff, and what muscles form it?
a group of muscles and tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint
-supraspinatus
-infraspinatus
-teres minor
-subscapularis
118
what group of muscles and tendons stabilizes the shoulder joint?
rotator cuff
119
what does pain or weakness during the Jobe test indicate?
a possible supraspinatus or rotator cuff tear
120
what is the purpose of the subacromial bursa?
it reduces friction between the acromion and the supraspinatus tendon
121
where is the tendon of biceps brachii
goes through the joint capsule
-this is unique
122
what is the menisci
fibrocartilage articular disks build up margins of the tibia & deepen articular surface
123
about the knee joint
traditionally considered a modified hinge joint but actually is a complex ellipsoid joint
124
cruciate ligaments for the knee joint
intercondylar eminence--tibia
connect to femur
125
anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL)
-prevents anterior displacement of tibia
126
posterior cruciate ligament
(PCL)
-prevents posterior displacement
127
what do the collateral ligaments of knee joint do
help strengthens joint
128
what is chondromalacia
when the cartilage of patella becomes soft
129
what is hemathrosis
when blood is in the joint
130
what is bursitis
bursa on patella becomes inflames ???
131
what are the football injures for knee
trat tibial collateral ligament, ACL, & medial meniscus (injury lachmans)
132
the fibrocartilage articular disks in this joint are referred to as menisci
a. ankle
b. hip
c. knee
d. shoulder
e. temporomandibular
c. knee
133
what are the effects of aging on joints
-tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel development decreases
-articular cartilages wear down - matrix becomes more rigid
-production of synovial fluid declines
-ligaments & tendons become shorter - less flexible - decrease in ROM
-muscles around joints weaken
-decreased activity = less flexibility & decreased ROM
134
what happens do tendons & ligaments as you age
they become shorter & less flexible
-decrease in ROM
135
what happens to the muscles around joints as you age
they become weaker
136
what happens with decreased activity to joint
less flexible & decreased ROM
137
what is arthritis
inflammation of any joint
138
how many people have arthritis
14% of people
139
how many types of arthritis are there
over 100
140
what is best for you if you have arthritis
swimming & walking
141
what is the most common type of arthritis
osteoarthritis (OA)
-10% of people have this in USA
142
what is the ratio of rheumatoid arthritis
women:men 3:1
a&p
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
chapter 169
-
a & p lab one40
-
chapter 262
-
chapter 3159
-
a + p lab 233
-
chapter 4184
-
chapter 5149
-
chapter 6144
-
a&p lab exam26
-
chapter 7142
-
chapter 9 (& some of 10)210
-
chapter 11219
-
chapter 12145
-
lab exam46
-
chapter 13126
-
chapter 15285
-
chapter 1694
-
chapter 1795
-
lab exam18
-
exam 6 q16
-
chapter 18107
