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chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the junction of nervous & endocrine systems

A

pituitary gland & hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is the pituitary gland also called

A

hypophysis

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3
Q

how many hormones does pituitary secrete

A

9

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4
Q

what does the pituitary gland regulate

A

-body functions
-secretions of other endocrine glands

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5
Q

hypothalamus regulates secretion of _________ pituitary

A

anterior

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6
Q

what is the extension of the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

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7
Q

what is posterior pituitary called

A

neurohypophysis

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8
Q

what is posterior pituitary extension of

A

nervous system through infundibulum

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9
Q

what does posterior pituitary secrete

A

neurohormones

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10
Q

what is anterior pituitary called

A

adenohypophysis

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11
Q

what does anterior pituitary secrete

A

hormones

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12
Q

which terms are matched correctly
a. neurohypophysis- anterior pituitary
b. adenophypophysis - posterior pituitary
c. neurohypophysis - posterior pituitary
d, none are correct

A

c. neurohypophysis - posterior pituitary

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13
Q

which is portal & which is tracks

A

anterior is portal & posterior is track

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14
Q

what are the releasing hormone

A

-TRH
-CRH
-GnRH
-PRH

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15
Q

what does CRH release

A

ACTH

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16
Q

what does GnRH release

A

FSH & LH

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17
Q

what does PRH release

A

prolactin

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18
Q

what does TRH

A

TSH

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19
Q

what are the inhibiting hormones

A

-PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
-others (somatostatin)

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20
Q

what in the brain causes anterior pituitary to decrease release of prolactin

A

PIH & dopamine

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21
Q

the hypothalamohypophysial portal system
a. contains one capillary bed
b. carries hormones from the anterior pituitary to the body
c. carries hormones from the posterior pituitary to the body
d. carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

A

d. carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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22
Q

what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

-ADH (vasopressin) (antidiuretic hormone)
-oxytocin

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23
Q

what does ADH do

A

prevents output of large amounts of urine (diuresis)
-promotes retention of water in the kidney tubules
-constricts blood vessel & raises blood pressure

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24
Q

would ADH be released under low or high bp

A

low blood pressure since it will hold onto more fluids, raising blood pressure

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25
what are osmoreceptors
neurons of hypothalamus that measure changes in concentrations of electrolytes & H20
26
what would happen to ADH as concentration of electrolytes of increases or water decreases
ADH would be released
27
baroreceptors
neurons in the walls of the atria of the heart, carotid arteries, & the aortic arch, sense changes in blood pressure
28
what is target of ADH
kidney
29
what does ADH come from
posterior pituitary (tract)
30
what happens to urine levels as ADH levels increase?
they decrease since we are holding on to more water
31
when ADH levels increase, how is blood volume affected?
blood volume increases as more water is kept by the kidneys
32
what happens with diabetes insipidus
not enough ADH is released, usually from brain damage
33
what is target tissue of oxytocin
uterus & breast
34
what stimulates oxytocin
stretch of uterus & uterine cervix -mechanical stimulation of the nipples & breast
35
what does oxytocin do
stimulates uterine contraction -stimulates milk ejection
36
what are the anterior pituitary hormones
-GH (somatotropin) -TSH -ACTH -LH -FSH -prolactin
37
what does GH do
increases uptake of amino acids to protein synthesis & decreases protein breakdown
38
what does GH increase
breakdown of fat for energy & stimulates synthesis of glucose which releases glucose into blood -increases tissue growth
39
what is used for energy when GH present
fat
40
what causes GH to be released
stress & low blood glucose
41
what does GH function is
regulating growth, tissue, maintenance, metabolism
42
what is indirect effect of GH
increases production of somatomedins (insulin like growth factors) in the liver & skeletal muscle which stimulate growth of cartilage, bone, & skeletal muscle
43
when are peak levels of GH
during sleep
44
what is dwarfism caused by
chronic hypersecretion of GH
45
what happens with hypersecretion of GH
-giantism- GH before plates closed -acromegaly- GH after plates closed
46
what does prolactin releasing & inhibiting hormone regulate
-secretion of prolactin
47
what does prolactin do
milk production
48
what is TH pathway
hypothalamus - TRH - anterior pit - TSH - thyroid - TH (T3 & T4)
49
what does TSH do
- G protein in thyroid gland cells - increased intracellular cAMP
50
what do T3 & t4 do
inhibit TRH/TSH secretion
51
cortisol pathway
hypothalamus - CRH - ant pit - ACTH - adrenal cortex - cortisol
52
what does cortisol do
increase blood sugar & inhibit inflammation
53
zona fasciculata
cortisol
54
zona glomerulosa
aldosterone
55
what is aldosterone secreted from
adrenal cortex
56
what does aldosterone facilitate
NA/L exchange in kidneys
57
what all come from the same large precursor proteins when stimulated by CRH
ACTH, melanocyte stimulating hormone, endorphins, & lipotropins
58
what does ACTH & MSH bind to
melanocytes
59
what do melanocytes do
produce more melanin, leading to increased skin pigmentation
60
when are endorphins produced
during stress & exercise
61
what is the natural morphine for pain relief
endorphins
62
what do lipotropins do
bind to adipose cells to catabolize fat & release fatty acids into the circulatory system
63
what happens with addison's disease
-adrenal cortex degenerates -there is a loss of neg feedback on pituitary causing an excess in ACTH secretion -causes wt loss, weakness, low bp, darkening of skin
64
what does GnRH lead to releasing of
LH & FSH
65
what does LH & FSH do
gonadotropins that promote growth & function of the gonads (testes & ovaries)
66
what type of gland is thyroid gland
endocrine gland
67
is thyroid gland vascular or avascular
vascular
68
what enters follicular cells in thyroid gland & by what
-iodine -active transport
69
what type of cells are in thyroid gland
follicles & parafollicular cells
70
what are the follicles in thyroid gland
small spheres with follicular cells surrounding thyroglobulin protein & large amounts of thyroid hormones
71
where are parafollicular cells
in thyroid gland between follicles
72
what do parafollicular cells secrete
calcitonin which helps regulate ca2+ concentration
73
what do follicular cells secrete
thyroglobulin inside follicle -iodine attaches to tyrosine. then two tyrosines combine & go into circulation
74
what is majority of T3 & T4 bound to
thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) from the liver
75
what is the rest of T3 & T4 bound to
other plasma proteins like albumin
76
is T3 or T4 the major hormone that interacts with target cells
T3
77
how much percent of T4 is converted to T3
33-40%
78
what do thyroid hormones bind to
intracellular receptors leading to new protein synthesis
79
what do thyroid hormones increase
rate of metabolism (glucose, fat, & protein) in many tissues -increase body temp
80
what do thyroid hormones regulate
normal growth of many tissues
81
what conditions is TRH released under
stress & hypothermia
82
what is congenital hypothyroidism caused by (cretin)
deficiency of iodine -impairment of physical & mental growth
83
what is a goiter
large thyroid
84
what is a goiter caused by
lack of iodine in the diet to synthesize T3 & T4 -not much T3 & T4 is made so there is very little negative feedback
85
which is more potent: T3 or T4
T3
86
which of these conditions produce elevated TSH secretion a. iodine deficiency b. surgically removed thyroid c. pituitary tumor d. all the above
d. all the above
87
what is target tissue of calcitonin released by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
bone
88
what does calcitonin decrease the activity of
osteoclasts
89
how many glands on each side of thyroid
two -parathyroid glands
90
what do parathyroid glands secrete
PTH
91
what are the target tissues of PTH
bones, kidneys, intestines
92
what does PTH stimulate
-osteoclasts -promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys & PO4 excretion
93
what does PTH increase synthesis of
vitamin d
94
where are adrenal glands
above kidneys -retroperitoneal (outside peritoneal lining)
95
what are adrenal glands composed of
inner medulla & outer cortex
96
what is the medulla formed from in the adrenal glands
neural crest cells
97
what is cortex formed from in adrenal glands
mesoderm
98
what hormones does adrenal gland secrete
-ep: 80% -NE: 20%
99
what receptors does EP & NE attach to
adrenergic membrane bound receptors in target tussues
100
does EP & NE have a long or short half life
short & they are rapidly metabolized
101
what does epinephrine increase & dilate
-glucose in blood -fat breakdown -dilates skeletal & cardiac muscle in blood vessels
102
does EP & NE cause vasodilation or constriction
vasoconstriction of skin, kidneys, & GI tract so that blood can go to skeletal muscles
103
is pheochromocytoma benign or malignant
begning
104
is neuroblastoma benign or malignant
malignant
105
what are pheochromocytoma & neuroblastoma caused from
large amounts of EP/NE -cause lots of things you'd expect but also pale skin
106
hormones of adrenal cortex are all ________
steroids
107
what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex
-mineralocorticoids -glucocorticoids -androgens
a&p
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