1
Q
how many cranial nerves are there
A
12
2
Q
what do ventricles contain
A
CSF
3
Q
how many neurons in brain, neurological cells, & connections with other neurons?
A
100 billion
trillion neurological cells
10,000 connections
4
Q
what are the main parts of the brain
A
-brainstem
-cerebellum
-diencephalon
-cerebrum
5
Q
what system are cranial nerves part of
A
PNS
6
Q
how many pairs of cranial nerves in cerebrum
A
2
7
Q
how many pairs of cranial nerves in brainstem
A
10
8
Q
what is brainstem responsible for
A
survival reflexes
9
Q
what is cerebellum in charge of
A
locomotion, balance, posture
10
Q
what is diencephalon consisted of?
A
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
11
Q
what is presents in brain ventricles in early embryo
A
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
12
Q
brainstem ordered deep to superficial
A
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
13
Q
what is medulla oblongata also called
A
myelencephalon
14
Q
what is medulla oblongata continues with
A
spinal cord
-ascending/descending nerve tracts
15
Q
what is the gray matter in medulla oblongata made up of
A
discrete nuclei
(clusters of gray matter composed mostly of neuron cell bodies)
16
Q
what do several medullary nuclei regulate
A
heart rate, respiration, blood vessel diameter, swallowing, hiccuping, vomiting, coughing, sneezing
17
Q
what are pyramids in the medulla oblongata
A
descending nerve tracts
-inferior fibers decussate (80-85%)
-one half of brain controls opposite side of body
18
Q
what are olives in the medulla oblongata
A
nuclei involved in functions such as balance, coordination, & mod, of sound/inner ear
19
Q
where is pons
A
superior to medulla
20
Q
what is pons also called
A
metencephalon
21
Q
what does the pons contain?
A
ascending & descending tracts & several nuclei
22
Q
what are the types of nuclei in pons
A
pontine
cranial nerve nuclei
23
Q
what do pontine nuclei do
A
-in pons
-relay info between cerebrum & cerebellum
24
Q
what is pons ultimate thing it does
A
its the sleep center!
-initiates REM sleep
25
what does the pontine respiratory center do
-coordinates resp center in medulla to control resp movement
(regulates breathing)
26
where is the pontine respiratory center do
in pons
27
what area of brain does rem sleep?
pons
28
what area of brain regulates heart beat, respiration, vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, etc?
medulla oblongata
29
what is midbrain also called
mesencephalon
30
where is the midbrain
superior to pons
31
what is the tectum
-area on midbrain
-four nuclei - form mounds on dorsal surface of midbrain = corpora quadrigemina
32
what does the corpora quadrigemina consist of?
-superior & inferior colliculi
33
what does the superior colliculi control
reflex movements of the head, eyes, & body toward visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli (flashing lights & loud noises)
34
what does the inferior colliculi allow for
auditory pathways (hearing)
35
where is the substantia nigra found
in the midbrain
36
what is the substantia nigra
a nuclear mass; pigmented (melanin); its interconnected with other basal nuclei of the cerebrum
37
what does the substantia nigra control
muscle tone & coordinating muscle movement due to having basal nuclei
38
what does substantia nigra have a high concentration of
melanin
39
where are the cerebral peduncles
in the midbrain
40
what do the cerebral peduncles do
-they are descending tracks that carry motor information form the cerebrum to the brainstem & the spinal cord
41
what is reticular formation also called
reticular activating system (RAS)
42
what is the reticular formation
group of nuclei scattered through the brainstem
43
what does the reticular formation control
-cyclic activities (like sleep-wake cycles)
44
what system of the brain stem is located in the other three portions of the brain stem?
a. medulla
b. reticular formation
c. pons
d. midbrain
b. reticular formation
45
what is the cerebellum attached to
brainstem posterior the the pons
46
how does the cerebellum communicate with other areas of the CNS?
through fiber tracts called cerebellar peduncles
47
what are the parts/types of cerebellar peduncles
1. superior - midbrain
2. middle - pons
3. inferior - medulla oblongata
48
gray & white matter of cerebellum
gray cortex & nuclei with white matter tracts in between
49
what is the cortex of the cerebellum folded in?
ridges called folia
50
what does the white matter of the cerebellum resemble & what's it called
tree
-abror vitae
51
where are purkinje cells
in cerebellar cortex
52
what are purkinje cells
largest in CNS
-inhibitory neurons that receive 200,000 synapses
53
what are the largest cells in CNS
purkinje cells
54
what area has the most neurons?
cerebellar cortex
-more neurons than entire cerebral cortex
55
where is the flocculonodular lobe
in the cerebellum
56
what does the flocculonodular lobe control
balance & eye movements
57
were is the vermis
in the cerebellum
58
what does the vermis control (& medial portion of lateral hemispheres)
posture, fine motor coordination (smooth, flowing movements)
59
where is the lateral hemispheres
in the cerebellum
60
what do the lateral hemispheres control
-major portion
-works with cerebellum to plan, practice, & learn complex movements
61
what is the diencephalon between
brainstem & cerebrum
62
what are the parts of the diencephalon
thalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
63
what are the lateral portions of the thalamus connected by?
intermediate mass
64
what is the intermediate mass surrounded by?
the third ventricle
65
where do all sensory neurons synapse before going to cerebrum?
thalamus
66
what is the thalamus
sensory relay center of the brain
67
what are the types of groups of neurons in the thalamus
-medial geniculate nucleus
-lateral geniculate nucleus
-ventral posterior nucleus
68
what does the medial geniculate nucleus regulate
auditory info
69
what does the lateral geniculate nucleus regulate
visual info
70
what does the ventral posterior nucleus regulate
most other types of sensory info
71
what does the thalamus influence
mood modification & emotional regulation (anger & rage)
-connected to limbic system
72
where is the subthalamus
immediately inferior of the thalamus
73
what are subthalamic nuclei involved in
controlling motor function
74
what does the subthalamus contain
-several ascending & descending tracts
-contains subthalamic nuclei which are involved in controlling motor function
75
what does the epithalamus contain
-pineal gland
-habenular nucleus
76
pineal gland
hypothetically causes sleepiness, helps regulate biological clock, may play a role in puberty onset
77
what helps regulate biological clock
pineal gland in epithalamus
78
what is the habenular nucleus responsible for
emotional & visceral responses to odors
79
where is the hypothalamus
most inferior portion of the diencephalon
80
what system does the hypothalamus control & how?
endocrine system by regulating hormones released by the pituitary gland
81
where are mammilary bodies?
on ventral surface of hypothalamus
82
what do mammilary bodies do?
olfactory reflexes & emotional responses to odors
-may also be involved in memory
83
what is the infundibulum
a stalk that connects the hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland
84
what does the hypothalamus receive
receives input from internal organs, taste receptors, limbic system, nipples, and external genitalia
85
where do efferent fibers from the hypothalamus go
to brainstem & spinal cord (aid autonomic system)
86
where doe fibers that aren't efferent fibers from the hypothalamus go
others through the infundibulum go to the posterior pituitary
87
what does the hypothalamus regulate
mood, emotion, sexual pleasure, satiation, rage, & fear
88
someone says they are full, what area in the brain regulates that?
hypothalamus
89
where does most sensory info synapse in the brain before going to the cerebrum?
a. epithalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. thalamus
d. medulla
c. thalamus
90
why is the hypothalamus an important link between the nervous & endocrine systems?
it is connected to the pituitary gland
91
what is the largest part of the brain
the cerebrum
92
how many lobes in cerebrum?
5
93
what are the five lobes of the cerebrum
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula
94
what are the hemispheres of the cerebrum
r & l hemispheres
95
sulci & fissures of the cerebrum
-longitudinal fissure
-lateral fissure
-central sulcus
96
where is the gray matter on the cerebral cortex
on outer surface
97
what are the folds called in cerebrum
gyri
98
what are the depressions called in cerebrum
sulci
99
what is the cerebral medulla
the white matter of the brain between cortex & the nuclei
-has tracts that connect areas of the cerebral cortex to each other or to other parts of the CNS
100
what is the gray matter within the medulla
basal nuclei
101
what does the frontal lobe control
voluntary motor function, motivation, mood, aggression, personality, decision making, & sense of smell
102
what lobe allows for voluntary motor function
frontal lobe
103
what does the parietal lobe allow for
reception & evaluation of sensory information
(except smell, hearing, & vision)
104
what lobe does reception & evaluation of sensory information
parietal
105
what does the occipital lobe allow for
reception & integration of visual input
106
what does the temporal lobe allow for
reception & evaluation for smell & hearing; memory, "psychic cortex" = abstract though & judgement
-insula is within the lateral fissure does taste
107
what is insula apart of & what does it allow/control
in the temporal lobe
-taste
108
what is the temporal lobe also called
psychic cortex since it does abstract thought & judgement
109
where is white matter in the cerebral medulla?
between the cortex & nuclei
110
what do association fibers do
connects areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
111
what do projection fibers do
connects the cerebrum to other parts of the brain
112
what do commissural fibers do
connects one cerebral hemisphere to the other (corpus collosum)
113
what are the three categories of fibers in the cerebral medulla
-association fibers
-projection fibers
-commissural fibers
114
what is the name of the structure that allows the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate?
a. projection fibers
b. association fibers
c. basal ganglia
d. corpus collosum
d. corpus collosum
115
where is basal nuclei found
-cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain
116
what does the basal nuclei control
motor function control
117
where are basal nuclei in the midbrain
substantia nigra
118
where is the limbic system
deep portions of the cerebrum that "rings" the diencephalon
119
what does the limbic system do?
basic survival function
(memory, reproduction , nutrition)
-interprets sensory input & emotions in general
120
what system interprets emotions & sensory input
limbic system
121
what does the limbic system consist of
hippocampus within the cerebrum
-various nuclei of the thalamus
-parts of the basal nuclei, hypothalamus, & olfactory cortex
122
what are the meninges of the brain
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
123
what are the spaces of the brain
-subdural space
-subarachnoid space
124
what does the subdural space contain
serous fluid
125
what does the subarachnoid space contain
CSF
126
265
a&p
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
chapter 169
-
a & p lab one40
-
chapter 262
-
chapter 3159
-
a + p lab 233
-
chapter 4184
-
chapter 5149
-
chapter 6144
-
a&p lab exam26
-
chapter 7142
-
chapter 9 (& some of 10)210
-
chapter 11219
-
chapter 12145
-
lab exam46
-
chapter 13126
-
chapter 15285
-
chapter 1694
-
chapter 1795
-
lab exam18
-
exam 6 q16
-
chapter 18107
