chapter 2

Question 1

what is an element

Answer 1

the simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties
-composed of atoms of only one kind

Question 2

are elements composed of multiple kinds of atoms?

Answer 2

no, they are composed of one kind

Question 3

how much of body weight is from the elements O, C, H, & N?

Answer 3

96%

Question 4

what is an atom

Answer 4

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element

Question 5

what are atoms composed of?

Answer 5

-subatomic particles
-protons (+)
-neutrons (no charge)
-electrons (-)

Question 6

what is the nucleus formed by?

Answer 6

protons & neutrons

Question 7

what are the types of bonding we touch on?

Answer 7

ionic
covalent

Question 8

ionic bonding

Answer 8

atoms exchange electrons

-cations & anions are attracted to each other

Question 9

covalent bonding

Answer 9

two or more atoms share electron pairs

Question 10

ionic vs covalent

Answer 10

ionic- atoms EXCHANGE electrons
covalent- atoms SHARE electron pairs

Question 11

what does an ion do

Answer 11

when an atoms loses or gains electrons & becomes charged, it is an ion

-cation- positive
-anion- negative

Question 12

what are molecules

Answer 12

when two or more atoms combine chemically
-same or (usually) different atoms

Question 13

what are electrolytes

Answer 13

solutions from dissociation of cations & anions in water
-can conduct electrical current
-ex: Na+, Ca2+, Cl-

Question 14

what are nonelctrolytes

Answer 14

solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water
-do not dissociate, do not conduct electricity
-ex: glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 15

what is enegy

Answer 15

capacity to do work

Question 16

what is potential energy?

Answer 16

energy stored in chemical bonds
-energy that could work if it were released

Question 17

does breaking chemical bonds release energy or take in energy?

Answer 17

release energy

Question 18

what are catalysts?

Answer 18

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted

Question 19

what are enzymes

Answer 19

a protein catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reactions

Question 20

what is inorganic chemistry

Answer 20

usually, substances that do no have carbon
ex: water, oxygen, calcium phosphate

Question 21

what are the exceptions for inorganic chemistry substances?

Answer 21

CO, CO2, HCO3-

Question 22

what is a solution

Answer 22

mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids that are uniformly distributed & chemically combined
-solvent: dissolves the solute
-solute: dissolves in the solvent

Question 23

the _____ dissolves in the ________ & thus makes a __________.

Answer 23

-solvent
-solute
-solution

Question 24

solvent

Answer 24

dissolves the solute

Question 25

solute

Answer 25

dissolves in the solvent

Question 26

is an acid a proton donor or acceptor

Answer 26

donor

Question 27

is a base a proton donor or acceptor

Answer 27

acceptor

Question 28

what is the physiological pH

Answer 28

7.4

Question 29

what is another word for basic

Answer 29

alkaline

Question 30

as acidity ________ the concentration of hydrogen ions increases

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

what is required in the final step to extract energy from food

Answer 31

oxygen

Question 32

what is produced during the breakdown of organic compounds

Answer 32

carbon dioxide

Question 33

what are the four major groups needed for living things

Answer 33

-carbs -lipids -protein -nucleic acids

Question 34

what are carbs composed of

Answer 34

C,H,O

Question 35

what are carbs used for

Answer 35

energy source & structure -polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides

Question 36

what are lipids composed of

Answer 36

mostly C,H,O

Question 37

what are lipids used for

Answer 37

-protection -insulation -physiological regulation -component of cell membranes -energy source

Question 38

are lipids soluble in water?

Answer 38

no, they are relatively insoluble

Question 39

what are proteins made up of

Answer 39

C,H,O, & nitrogen

Question 40

what are proteins used for

Answer 40

-regulation -transport -protection -muscle contraction -structure -energy

Question 41

what are nucleic acids composed of

Answer 41

C, H, O, nitrogen, & phosphate

Question 42

what are examples of nucleic acids

Answer 42

DNA, RNA, ATP

Question 43

what are the simple sugars or monosaccharides

Answer 43

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 44

what are disaccharidies

Answer 44

two simple sugars together -ex: sucrose & lactose

Question 45

what are polysaccharides

Answer 45

-lots of monosaccharides together

Question 46

what are polysaccharides used as?

Answer 46

storage molecules -glycogen formed by animals -starch & cellulose formed by plants

Question 47

what storage molecule do plants use?

Answer 47

starch & cellulose (polysaccharides)

Question 48

what storage molecule do animals use?

Answer 48

glycogen (a polysaccharide)

Question 49

what are triglycerides made of & what do they do

Answer 49

composed of glycerol & fatty acids -protection, insulation, energy source

Question 50

phospholipid

Answer 50

polar head, nonpolar tail

Question 51

what are steroids

Answer 51

cholesterol, bile slats, estrogen, testosterone -carbon atoms arranged in four rings

Question 52

steroids are carbon atoms arranged in ______ rings

Answer 52

4

Question 53

what are amino acids & how many are there

Answer 53

building blocks of PRO =20

Question 54

what does a protein consist of?

Answer 54

a chain of many different amino acids

Question 55

what is the primary structure

Answer 55

amino acid sequence

Question 56

what are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 56

five-carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogen

Question 57

what do nucleotides include

Answer 57

nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)

Question 58

what is DNA & whats it composed of

Answer 58

genetic material of cells copied from one generation to the next -composed of two strands of nucleotides

Question 59

what is RNA & what is it composed of

Answer 59

responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into proteins -similar to a single strand of DNA

Question 60

what is ATP

Answer 60

-energy currency of the body -provides energy for chemical reactions & drive cell processes or muscle contraction -all energy-requiring chemical reactions stop with there is inadequte ATP

Question 61

what happens when there is inadequate ATP

Answer 61

all energy-requiring rxns stop