1
Q
which of these is not a primary function of the integumentary system?
a. protection
b. sensation
c. absorption
d. temperature regulation
A
c. absorption
2
Q
what is the epidermis
A
the superficial later of epithelial tissue
3
Q
what is the dermis
A
the deep layer of connective tissue
4
Q
what is the point of the dermis
A
structural strength
5
Q
what section is not part of the skin
A
hypodermis (
6
Q
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
A
avascular
-gets blood through diffusion & capillaries in papillary layer
7
Q
what separated epidermis from dermis
A
basement membrane
8
Q
what makes up most of the cells in epidermis
A
keratinocytes
9
Q
epidermal cells are arranged into ______
A
layers (strata)
10
Q
what do keratinocytes produce & for what
A
keratin for strength
11
Q
what do melanocytes do
A
make skin color
-makes melanin
-melanin then transferred to keratinocytes
12
Q
do different colored people have a different amount of melanocytes?
A
no, they all have the same number
13
Q
what are langerhan’s cells
A
immune system
14
Q
what are merkel’s cells
A
light touch/superficial pressure
15
Q
what are desquamate cells
A
cells of deeper layers that undergo mitosis & move toward the surface
-older cells sluff off
16
Q
what cells of deeper layer undergo mitosis
A
desquamate
17
Q
what are keratinization cells
A
cells move outwards through layers, fill with keratin, die, & layer
(table of page 152)
18
Q
thick skin epidermal strate
A
-strata corneum
-strata lucidum
-strata granulosum
-strate spinosum
-strate basale
19
Q
what strata does thin skin not have?
A
strata lucidum
-strata lucidum is only in palms & soles
20
Q
what strata contains keratohyalin granules?
A
stratum granulosum
21
Q
what is stratum basale also called
A
germinitivum
22
Q
what strata has high mitotic activity
A
stratum basale
23
Q
how thick is skin
A
0.5 mm - 5 mm thick of epidermis & dermis
24
Q
where is thick skin
A
at areas subject to pressure & friction (palms & soles)
-hairless areas
25
what type of skin makes up fingerprints
thick skin
-papillae of underlying dermis in parallel roes
26
where is thin skin
covers rest of body
27
is thick or thin skin more flexible
thin skin
28
what is a callus
increase in number of layers of stratum corneum if over a bony prominence
29
thick skin
a. has all 5 epithelial strata
b. is in areas that are prone to friction/pressure
c. fingerprints/footprints
d. all of the above
d
30
what gives skin its color
-pigments
-blood circulation
-thickness of stratum corneum
31
what does melanin protect against
UV light
32
what amino acid does melanin come from
tyrosine
33
what colors can melanin be
reddish, brown, black, yellow
34
what is melanin production determined by
genetics, hormones, light exposure
35
what is albinism
deficiency or absence of pigment
36
melanocyte process extends between _________
keratinocytes
37
what is carotene
yellow pigment form veggies
38
where does carotene accumulate
-stratum corneum
-adipose cells
-hypodermis
39
what is reddish skin called (due to blushing, anger, inflammation...)
erithma
40
what is blue colored skin
cyanosis
-due to decrease in blood O2 content
41
does bone color contribute to skin color?
no
42
what does dermis give
structural strength
43
what is dermis
connective tissue with many fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, some adipocytes & blood vessels
44
what does the dermis contain?
nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, & lymphatic vessels
45
what are the sensory functions of the dermis
pain, itch, tickle, two-point pressure, temperature, touch
46
what are the two layers of the dermis
-papillary (1/5)
-reticular (4/5)
47
what does the papillary contain?
-touch receptors (meissner's)
-free nerve endings (sensing pain)
48
what is papillary dermis made of
areolar (loost ct) with elastic fibers
49
what is reticular dermis made of
collagen & elastic fibers
-dense irregular CT
50
what are the cleavage (tension) lines
elastic & collagen fibers oriented in the same directions (reticular layer)
51
what are stretch marks
striae
52
what happens when you get a tan
it is in epidermis so desquamation takes care of it
53
what happens when you get a tattoo
it is in the dermis so desquamation doent fix that
54
what does hypodermis consist of
loose CT - collagen & elastic fibers
55
what are the types of cells in hypodermis
-macrophage
-adipose cells
-fibroblast
56
what is the hypodermis also called
subcutaneous tissue
57
how much fat does the hypodermis contain
1/2 of the bodies fat
58
what does the fat in the hypodermis function has
-energy source
-padding
-insulation
59
where is hair
everywhere besides palms, soles, nipple, external genitalia, distal fingers/ toes
60
where is hair shaft
above surface
61
where is hair root
below the surface
62
what is the base of the hair root
hair bulb
63
what are the layers of hair
-medulla: central axis
-cortex: forms bulk of hair
-cuticle: forms hair surface (scales)
64
what are the causes of split ends
-thermal (curling)
-chemical (perm)
-mechanical stress (combing)
65
parts of hair follicle
-dermal root sheath
-epithelial root sheath
66
dermal root sheath
part of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath
67
epithelial root sheath
-internal & external parts
68
what is the external part of the epithelial root sheath
a direct downward continuation of the epidermis that surrounds the hair follicle
69
what makes white bulb when hairs are pulled out
the internal part coming out of the epithelial root sheath
70
what is the part that hair grows from
matrix
71
what part of the dermis projects into the bulb and gives blood supply?
hair papilla
72
what are the stages of hair growth
growth stage
resting stage
73
how much length does hair growth add per day
0.3mm
74
what adds cells at the base of the hair root & elongates it?
matrix
75
what happens during the rest stage
the follicle shortens & holds hair in place, rest, then hair falls out of follicle, new hair begins
76
what does regular hair loss mean
hair is being replaced
77
what is permanent hair loss
pattered baldness
78
what are arrector pilli & what do they do
-a type of smooth muscle
-muscle contraction (hair stands up)
-skin pushed up by movement of follicle (goosebumps)
79
what is the outermost layer of the hair shaft
the cuticle
80
hair is formed from epithelial cells in the....
matrix
81
what do sebaceous secrete
oily secretion called sebum
82
what type of glands are sebaceous glands
holocrine
83
what do sebaceous glands prevent
drying
84
where do most sebaceous glands empty into
the hair follicle
85
what type of gland causes acne/is acne
sebaceous
86
what are the sweat glands called
sudoriferous
87
what are the types of sudoriferous glands
-merocrine (eccrine)
-apocrine
88
what type of sudoriferous gland is the most common
merocrine
89
where are merocrine glands found
epidermal dermis
90
where do merocrine glands open into
directly to the surface (has its own pores)
91
where are merocrine glands numerous
palms & soles
92
what do merocrine glands produce
isotonic fluid
-as fluid moves through the duct, NaCl is removed by active transport back into the body which conserves salt
93
what is the result of merocrine stuf
hyposmotic sweat
94
when do apocrine glands begin to be active
at puberty
95
where are apocrine glands open to
hair follicles
96
what do apocrine glands secrete
odorless organic compounds
97
what makes the apocrine secretions smell
bacteria that make odor (bo)
98
where are apocrine gland
hypodermis
-axillae, genitalia
99
what are ceruminous glands
modified merocrine sweat glands in external auditory meatus
100
what does ceruminous glands secrete
earwax
-sebaccious & ceruminous secretions
101
what do ceruminous glands do
keep eardrum supple
102
what are mammary glands
modified apocrine sweat glands
103
where is nail body
stratum corneum
104
what is the cuticle called
eponychium
105
where is the eponychium
the cuticle —
a layer of stratum corneum lying superficial to the nail body at its base.
106
where is the nail root
under the skin
107
what produces the nail body
matrix + nail bed
108
T/F: nail growth has a rest phase
false
109
do fingernails or toes grow faster
finger nails
110
how many mm/day to nails grow
0.5-1.2mm/day
111
the nail is made of layers of dead _______ that contains hard keratin
stratum corneum
112
what are the functions of the skin
-protection
-sensation
-temperature regulation
-vitamin D production
-excretion
113
what aspects of the skin are used for protection
-protect against abrasion
-against microogranisms
-melanin - protects against uv
-hair is an insulator & protects against abrasion
-nails protect ends of digits
-barrier to diffusion of water
-eyebrows & eyelashes protect against sweat & objects
114
which of these qualities must a medication possess to be readily absorbed from a skin patch
lipid soluble
115
what does sensation control
pressure, {how we feel} temperature, pain, touch, movement of hair
116
what do free nerve endings respond to
respond to painful stimuli, temperature, itch, joint movement, & proprioception
117
what do merkel disks do
detect light touch & superficial pressure
118
what do hair follicles detect
light touch & slight bending of hair
119
what is meissner's corpuscles involved in
two-point discrimination
120
what does ruffini end organ detect
continuous touch or pressure & depression or stretch marks
121
what does pacinian corpuscle detect
deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, & proprioception
122
what happens in temperature regulation
sweating & radiation of heat
123
what does sweat cause
evaporative cooling
124
what changes in diameter with temperature
arterioles in the dermis
125
vasodilation
blood vessel dilates
126
how do you get heat/sweat out for temperature regulation
the blood vessel dilates (vasodilation) which gets it closer to the epidermis & the heat loss across the epidermis increases
127
how do you keep heat in for temperature regulation
blood vessel constricts (vasoconstriction) which makes the blood vessel further from the epidermis & the heal loss across epidermis is decreased
128
vasoconstriction
blood vessel constricts
129
what does vitamin D aid in
calcium absorption
130
what is vitamin D called & what is it
calcitriol
- a hormone
131
what does vitamin D stimulate
the uptake of Ca2+ from the intestines
132
what is calcium used for
-bone growth & repair
-clotting
-nerve
-muscle function
133
how do you get calcitriol
dehydrocholesterol → cholecalciferol (from UV in skin) → liver → kidneys → calcitriol
134
what other ways can calcitriol be absorbed (like if you don't get enough sun)
-through intestines
-by sources like dairy, liver, eggs, & supplements
135
what is excretion
removal of waste produces from the body.
-sweat, water, salt, urea, ammonia, uric acid
136
which is more significant: excretion by skin or excretion by kidneys
excretion by kidneys
137
partial thickness burn
burns epidermis & part of dermis
138
full thickness burn
burns destroys the dermis & epidermis
139
where can epidermis grow back from
-hair follicle
-sweat glands (sudoriferous - merocrine/eccrine)
140
burn portions for adult
-head: 9%
-arm: 9%
-genitalia: 1%
-trunk: 18%
-lower limb: 18%
141
burn portions for child
head: 15%
arm: 9%
genitalia: 1%
trunk: 16%
lower limb: 17%
142
why is skin more easily damaged when youre older
-epidermis things & amount of collagen decreases
143
why does wrinkling occur
decrease in elastic fibers
144
what causes age spots
increase is melanocytes
145
what causes vitiligo
decrease in melanocytes
146
how to reduce risk of skin cancer
-avoid prolonged un
-wear sunscreen
-wear protective clothing
-don't try to get tan
147
ABCDE of melanoma
-asymmetrical
-borders (don't want uneven)
-color (don't want two+ shades)
-diameter (smaller than 6mm is good)
-evolving (don't want it changing overtime)
148
what is actinic keratosis
rough, scaly patches on the skin
-on areas of body that are sun exposed
149
who is at risk for keratosis
fair skinned people who live where it is sunny
a&p
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
chapter 169
-
a & p lab one40
-
chapter 262
-
chapter 3159
-
a + p lab 233
-
chapter 4184
-
chapter 5149
-
chapter 6144
-
a&p lab exam26
-
chapter 7142
-
chapter 9 (& some of 10)210
-
chapter 11219
-
chapter 12145
-
lab exam46
-
chapter 13126
-
chapter 15285
-
chapter 1694
-
chapter 1795
-
lab exam18
-
exam 6 q16
-
chapter 18107
