clinical pain
pain that requires some sort of medical statement
Differentiate between acute, recurrent, and chronic pain.
acute- sharp, stinging pain that is short lived and tissue related. eg- burns
recurrent pain- pain that involves episodes of discomfort for more than 3mo eg- migraines
chronic pain- dull burning pain that is long lasting
Describe hyperalgesia
a condition in which chronic pain suffer become more sensible to pain overtime
Explain how physiological measures (e.g., EMG, autonomic indicators) are used to assess pain.
EMG- muscle tension experienced w headaches
auto- things like high BP and breathing rate are things that can be measured
Describe nociceptors and their role in pain perception.
a specialized neuron that response to painful stimulus. these are at the end of nerve endings and are what activate them
List and explain the three main nerve fiber types (A-delta, C-fiber, A-beta) and their functions.
a-delta- sm fibers involved in acute pain
c-fibers- sm fibers w chronic pain
a-beta lg fibers that inhibit pain messages
Explain referred pain and the role of substantia gelatinosa.
subs- the dorsal region of the spinal cord where both fast and slow fibers synapse with sensory nerves on their way to the brain
ref- pain manifested in an area of the body that is sensitive to pain but caused by disease or injury that is in a part of the body w few pain receptors
Explain the role of the somatosensory cortex in pain processing.
localizes pain and how bad it is
Describe the role of Substance P
a neurotransmitter secreted by pain fibers in the spinal cord that stimlates the transmission cells to send pain to the brain
Explain how enkephalins regulate pain signals.
endenogous opiod found in nerve endings of cells the brain and spinal cord that bid to opiod receptors
Discuss the role of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and serotonin in closing the pain gate.
a region of the midbrain that plays a role in perception of pain, opening and closing the pain gateway
Explain the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and its role in cognitive modulation of pain.
the front part of the cortex which surrounds the corpus callsum which plays a role in pain processing
Define endogenous opiate peptides and their function.
opiod like substance naturally produced by the body
Describe stress-induced analgesia and the role of endorphins.
stress related increase in tolerance to pain by bodys endorphins
Explain the gate control theory and how cognitive and emotional factors influence pain
the idea that there is a neural gate in the spinal cord the regulates the experience of pain
Describe the neuromatrix concept and its role in pain experience.
the neural network that integrates sensory info w emotional status to determine person experiences of pain
Factors That Influence Pain Experience
age- younger more active
gender-women feel more then men
SES- lower feel more
prostaglandin
chemical response for localized pain and imflamation can become senstive over time
counterirration
the idea that one pain is relived by a counter acting stimulus
cognitive interventions
catatrophing, overgeneralizing, selfblame, dwelling w the pain
anterior insula
cardiovascular appraisal of pain
anterior cigtuage
emo response to pain
prefrontal cortex
takes action on how to fix the pain
