code of ethics
moral code that provides researchers with guidelines about and what is right and wrong
institutional review board
protects reasearch participants from harm by reassuring that studies that are done must follow the code of ethics
evidence based medicine
uses current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patient or about the delivery of health services
confirmation bias
form of faulty reasoning in which expectations prevent people from seeing alternative reasoning for an observation
epidemiology
scientific study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of an particular disease
cross sectional study
compares representative groups of people of various ages on particular dependant variable
longitude study
observes same group of people over a long span of life
retrosepective study
longitude study that looks back at the history of a group of people
case-control study
comparison of people who have a disease of condition w people who dont
prospective study
longitude study that starts with a healthy group, then follows the disease within that group
morbidity
measure of health, number of cases of specific illness, injury, or disability given to the same group at the same time
mortality
measure of health, number of deaths due to specific cause in same group at the same time
positive correlation
both variables are connected (the arrows go up) ex- heavy smoking and higher cancer rate are both connected inclined variables
negative correlation
both variables are being affected but not positively correlated. (arrows are up and down) ex- more alcohol consumption and lower academic achievement.
independent and dependent variable
indepedant is the question being asked (what can be controlled) and is the cause. the dependant is the measurement and effect.
relative risk value
prevalence exposed to risk factor/prevalence not exposed to risk factor. this indicates how much more likely it is that someone will contract a condition than those not exposed to the risk factor.
some conditions of cause and effect relationship
- the evidence must be consistent, alleged cause must already be put in place prior to disease, the relationship must make sense, strength of association,
