substance use
the pattern of behaviour charaterized by impaired control, social impariment, and risky use of drugs
behavioural addiction
a catorgory of behaviour such as gambling that display the characteristics of substance use disorder
blood brain barrier
the network of highly packed capillary cells that separate the blood and brain like a protective coat
agonist
a drug that attaches to a receptor and produces neural actions that mimic or enhance those of a natural occurring neurotransmitter like dopamine. ex- morphine
antagonist
a drug that blocks the action of a naturally occurring transmitter ex- caffeine
dependance
a state in which the use of drug is required for a person to function normally
Explain neural sensitization theory and neuroadaptation.
neural- repeating exposure to drug makes the brain more responsive to it. cravings and triggers.
neuro- brain adapts to stimulus. needs the drug. withdrawal and dependance
stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, barbiturates, opioid
s- cocaine an nicotine
d- alcohol
h- mushrooms
o- morphine
drug potentiation
effects of one drug to increase the effects of another. eg- drinking alcohol on Xanax
Explain how opioids interact with endorphins
opioids minmic endorphins therefore they compete in the brain and leave lower levels of these endorphins and make the lows worst. WITHDRAWL
Describe the biomedical model of addiction. What is the withdrawal-relief hypothesis
views addiction as a chronic illness to the brain that has biological and psychological affects. with changes in neural pathways.
withdrawal-releif hypothesis- the idea that people take the drugs because the withdraw of being off them, due to neuroadaptation, is worse then doing the drugs. they do them not because they want to, but cause they have too. dependance.
role of dopamine
activation of the reward system from pleasurable behaviours. dopamine is the chemical messager that is stimlair to aderliine and affects neural processes that affect pleasure and pain. a stimulus binds to the protein that normally transports dopamine thus it blocks reuptake and continuously excites the neuron. its a antagonist
wanting and liking theory
a two stage theory of drug addiction. 1st stage the good feelings from drug use. stage 2nd drug use becomes automatic behaviour.
behaviour disinbtion
the false sense of confidence and freedom from social restraints that result from alcohol consumption
Define blood alcohol level (BAL) and explain at-risk drinking
bal- the amount of alcohol in the blood measured in grams per 100m.
at risk drinking- two or more episodes of binge drinking in the past month or consuming an average of two drinks a day
neurogenesis, brain shrinkage, fetal
alcohol syndrome (FAS).
neuro-process by which neurons are generated, as well as formation of new synapses.
brain- reduces white matter
fas- drinking while pregnant
alcohol myopia
the tendency of alcohol to increase a persons concentration on immediate events and to reduce awareness of distant events.
alcohol expectancy effects
the affects of an individuals beliefs about how alchool effects behaviour.
alcohol use disorder
a maladaptive drinking pattern in which drinking interferes with role obligations. risk involved in DSM 5 criteria
aversion therapy
behavioural therapy that pairs an unpleasant stimulus w a undersiable behaviour to help the person avoid the behaviour. conditioned response.
nucleus accumulates
responsible for pleasure and reward therefore dopamine is released. this is drug activated
