Chapter 14: Maintaining and Optimizing OSs

Question 1

Operating systems that have reached their _______ are typically not eligible to receive feature and security updates.

Answer 1

end-of-life (EOL). Every piece of technology will eventually become obsolete, and vendors use the term end-of-life (EOL) to refer to something that has reached the end of its useful life and consequently will no longer be sold, marketed, supported, or upgraded.

Question 2

______________ is a mandatory component of Windows that aims to improve the security of systems by limiting the permissions that normal application software runs as, until authorized by an administrator.

Answer 2

User Account Control (UAC) functions by isolating low-privilege and high-privilege running processes and requiring administrator approval prior to an application’s privilege escalation.

Question 3

Why are users strongly encouraged to utilize the 3-2-1 system when backing up crucial data?

Answer 3

It contains solid guidelines to help prevent against complete data loss. The 3-2-1 rule states that you should have 3 copies of your backed up data, across two or more media types (CD, DVD, USB), and at least one copy of your backup should be hosted offsite, such as in the cloud. Following this rule helps ensure that you always have a complete backup available no matter the reason for the outage.

Question 4

Update

Answer 4

A patch, fix, or correction to existing version of OS.

Question 5

Upgrade

Answer 5

When you move from one version of an OS to a newer one.

Question 6

Patch Managment

Answer 6

Involves the identification and application of software updates on devices which can include servers, workstations, standalone PCs, Mobile Devices, many peripherals.

Question 7

Patch

Answer 7

one or more changes to existing software. In most cases, patches correct known errors, vulnerabilities, flaws, can also include new features.

Question 8

Delivery Optomization

Answer 8

allows updates to be retrieved from other PC on the network. Allows for the second PC to reduce update time by taking the already downloaded update from the first PC.

Question 9

OS Update Failure

Answer 9

Failure notice message has an error code. Can be searched and find solution or cause of problem.

Question 10

EOL

Answer 10

End-of-Life. Every piece of technology will eventually become obsolete, and vendors use the term end-of-life (EOL) to refer to something that has reached the end of its useful life and consequently will no longer be sold, marketed, supported, or upgraded.

Question 11

MacOS Check for Software Update

Answer 11

Click Apple Menu -> System settings -> General -> Software Update. During Mac update cannot sleep or close lid, OS must stay open.

Question 12

MacOS System Folders

Answer 12

MacOS system folders are initially hidden. Cannot be accessed through terminal or finder.

Question 13

MacOS System Files - “/applications”

Answer 13

Holds the apps that display on the launch pad windows

Question 14

MacOS System Files - “/Users”

Answer 14

Holds the home folder of any user with log in account on mac

Question 15

MacOS System Files - “/Library”

Answer 15

Holds items used by various apps. Data, log in credentials, Etc.

Question 16

MacOS System Files - “/System”

Answer 16

Holds MacOS and its files. Its folder and contents cannot be altered.

Question 17

MacOS System Files - “/User/Library”

Answer 17

Holds personal settings, app data, caches, and preferences for a user.

Question 18

Apple Malware defense best practice Layer 1

Answer 18

Malware scanning apps prevent execution of malware or viruses using gatekeeper app and apple notarization.

Question 19

Apple Malware defense best practice Layer 2

Answer 19

x protect app remedies any malware that is able to execute.

Question 20

RSRs

Answer 20

Rapid Security Resources. Provide security updates without waiting for next OS update. Provided as needed by apple.

Question 21

apt (linux command):

etc/apt/sources.list

Answer 21

Command used to find the source list file which tells system where to look for updates

Question 22

deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling Main contrib non-free non-free-fiirmware

Answer 22

Deb - Archive

http://http.kali.org/kali - mirror

kali-rolling - Branch

Main contrib non-free non-free-fiirmware - Components

Question 23

deb

Answer 23

Debian-based package management system (deb)

Question 24

Contrib (Linux Update Component)

Answer 24

Packages may depend on non-free software

Question 25

Main (Linux update component)

Answer 25

Official distro package from distro manufacturer

Question 26

Non-Free (Linux update component)

Answer 26

Compatible but not meeting free software guidelines

Question 27

Non-Free-Firmware (Linux update component)

Answer 27

Drivers or firmware required by hardware

Question 28

sudo apt update

Answer 28

your system contacts repositories to download latest package list. apt update only refreshes list of packages available doesn't install them

Question 29

sudo apt upgrade

Answer 29

This command downloads and installs any updates available for installed packages. Tells you which package needs to be upgraded, and how many new packages need to be fetched, and how much storage needed. To cancel type N and to proceed type Y

Question 30

DNF command

Answer 30

can search for packages, upgrades and install and remove packages. used by Fadora, rir, etc distros

Question 31

sudo dnf upgrade

Answer 31

will look for and install updates.

Question 32

Installation considerations (Windows Applications)

Answer 32

Making sure system meets hardware and system requirements

Question 33

32-bit vs 64-bit (Windows Applications)

Answer 33

32-bit wont run on 64-bit system. Install 64-bit apps on 64-bit system.

Question 34

Dedicated vs Integrated GPU (Windows Applications)

Answer 34

Visually demanding applications show graphics card requirements. Integrated graphics card are part of the CPU and share system resources with other processes.

Question 35

VRAM

Answer 35

Video random-access memory. Memory for dedicated graphics card or graphic processing unit (GPU). Stores data that forms a graphic, textures, colors, etc. Supports GPU in processing this data.

Question 36

RAM

Answer 36

Random Access Memory. Applications will specify minimum RAM required.

Question 37

CPU

Answer 37

Central Processing Unit. Applications provide Minimum CPU manufacture and model. Manufacture - AMD or Intel. Architecture - X86 or X64. Minimum Cores. Minimum Clock Speed.

Question 38

External Hardware Tokens

Answer 38

enables two factor authentications. Needed for systems that require extra levels of security such as Banking, Hospitals, and others who have protected information.

Question 39

TOTP - Hardware token

Answer 39

Time-based one-time passwords. Last about 30-60 seconds usually.

Question 40

USB Security Tokens

Answer 40

Stores encryption keys, digital certificate, and other credentials.

Question 41

Challenge-Response Tokens

Answer 41

Generate one time security code in response to users providing challenge.

Question 42

Smart Cards

Answer 42

Have a process in them that stores user credentials, ID, etc.

Question 43

Biometric Hardware Tokens

Answer 43

Use fingerprint or other biometric to verify ID

Question 44

Bluetooth Tokens

Answer 44

Use bluetooth pairing to verify ID hands free.

Question 45

App & OS compatibility

Answer 45

Applications made for MacOS can't run on windows and vice versa.

Question 46

Downloadable Application Package

Answer 46

Contains material needed for installing application onto a system.

Question 47

Application Executables

Answer 47

Also called binaries, written in machine language. Instructions, interface, input/output, and processing components for an application

Question 48

Libraries

Answer 48

Resources used by application. Includes routines for graphics, data storage, dependencies, and reporting.

Question 49

Configuration

Answer 49

collection of files that contains customization and user preferences put in by developer or set up by user during installation.

Question 50

Documentation

Answer 50

If something goes wrong, you can check the user guide here.

Question 51

Image Deployment

Answer 51

In an enterprise, captured image of the approved configuration of an application that can be installed on other PCs.

Question 52

Potential Technical Impacts of Applications

Answer 52

Additional hardware required, integration can cause downtime. Application/dependency conflicts.

Question 53

Potential Network Impacts of Applications

Answer 53

Application bandwidth limits, non-distributable application, multiple running server applications.

Question 54

Potential Operational Impacts of Applications

Answer 54

Applications may disrupt workflow, incompatible report formats, workflow interruption possible.

Question 55

Potential Security Impacts of Applications

Answer 55

Excessive bandwidths, not easily distributable, server load degradation.

Question 56

Full Backup

Answer 56

Make copy of everything on the PC. Takes a long time

Question 57

Differential backup

Answer 57

Backup of all the changes since the last full backup. Requires full back up and differential backup

Question 58

Incremental backup

Answer 58

Only backs up changes made from last backup. Restoring requires full back up and every incremental backup leading to the loss.

Question 59

GFS

Answer 59

Grandfather, Father, Son - Back up cycles with multiple modalities daily, weekly, monthly.

Question 60

3-2-1 back up rule

Answer 60

3 back up copies. 2 media forms. 1 Off-site in the cloud.

Question 61

Synthetic Full backup

Answer 61

Combines last full backup with all incremental backups since then into one new full backup

Question 62

tar (linux command)

Answer 62

Tape archive. Makes backup.

Question 63

$tar cvf/dev/rmt/o*

Answer 63

create, verbose, directory, file, archive device

Question 64

$tar cvf/home/backup*

Answer 64

create, verbose, location in home directory

Question 65

MacOS back up strategy

Answer 65

Time machine, built in backup app on MacOS. Media used for backup with time machine should only be used for backups.