Chapter 2 Lesson 2

Question 1

4 groups of carbon-based compounds in living things

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Question 2

Carbon

Answer 2

The basis of most molecules in organisms

Forms covalent bonds - most common with other carbon atoms, H, O, N, and Phosphorus

Question 3

Polymer

Hydrocarbons

Answer 3

A large molecule made of smaller units called monomers

A class of compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen . Their covalent bonds store a lot of energy

Question 4

Isomers

Answer 4

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but differ in the placement or structure of their atoms or chemical bonds. Example: glucose and fructose

They have different physical and chemical properties

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their energy is released and used for cell processes

Their most basic carbohydrates are called monosaccharides
Monosaccharide ➡️ Disaccharides ➡️ Polysaccharides

Question 6

Lipids

Answer 6

Include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids

Non-polar molecules which are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water

The simplest lipids are fatty acids

Question 7

Saturated Fatty Acids

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 7

Found mostly in foods from animals ( some plants). Solid at room temperature

Found mostly in oils from plants. Liquid at room temperature

Question 8

Phospholipids

Answer 8

A lipid made of 2 fatty acids (tail), glycerol, and a phosphate group ( head)

The head is soluble in water
The tail is insoluble in water

The cell membrane is made of a double layer of phospholipids

Question 9

Waxes

Steroids

Answer 9

Made from honey. Hard substances that become soft when heated. Used to make products like candles, crayons, and makeup

Have a ring structure. Can be produced in the body. Example - cholesterol

Question 10

Proteins

Amino Acids

Answer 10

The building blocks of life. Many function as enzymes

The building blocks of proteins. Organisms use 20 amino acids to make proteins

Question 11

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Answer 11

2 types of Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Monomers that make up nucleic acids. Composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

Question 12

ATP

Answer 12

Adenosine tri-phosphate .

Produced during cellular respiration. It provides the energy necessary in cells for cell processes

Question 13

Cell Membrane

Answer 13

Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell

Question 14

Passive transport

Answer 14

When molecules enter and exit the cell without needing energy from the cell
**Transport proteins are not needed

A. Diffusion - the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
B. Osmosis - the movement of water molecules from an area of higher H2O concentration to lower H2O concentration

Question 15

Active Transport

Answer 15

The movement of molecules which requires an input of energy. Molecules move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration using transport proteins

Question 16

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Answer 16

The process of taking molecules into a cell where the cell membrane folds inward and pinches off inside the cell forming a vesicle

The release of substances out of a cell where a vesicle forms around the substances then fuses with the cell membrane to release the substances