Chapter 48.4

Question 1

Snyaptic Vesicles

Answer 1

• The presynaptic neuron synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic terminal

Question 2

Synaptic Cleft

Answer 2

• The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and is received by the postsynaptic cell

Question 3

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Answer 3

• Direct synaptic transmission involves binding of neurotransmitters to ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic cell

Question 4

Postsynaptic potentials fall into two categories:

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Answer 4

• Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold

Question 5

Postsynaptic potentials fall into two categories:

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials

Answer 5

• Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from threshold

Question 6

Temporal Summation

Answer 6

• If two EPSPs are produced in rapid succession, an effect called temporal summation occurs

Question 7

Spatial Summation

Answer 7

• In spatial summation, EPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron add together

Question 8

Acetylcholine

Answer 8

• Acetylcholine is involved in muscle stimulation, memory formation, and learning

Vertebrates have two major classes of acetylcholine receptor, one that is ligand gated and one that is metabotropic

Question 9

Neurotransmitter

Glutamate

Known to function in the CNS

Answer 9

• glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter.

Question 10

Neurotransmitter

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Known to function in the CNS

Answer 10

• It slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in your central nervous system (your brain and spinal cord).
• GABA is known for producing a calming effect.

Question 11

Biogenic Amines

Answer 11

• Biogenic amines include
  
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin

They are active in the CNS and PNS

Question 12

Neuropeptides

Answer 12

• Several neuropeptides, relatively short chains of amino acids, also function as neurotransmitters

Question 13

Endorphins

Answer 13

• Endorphins are neurotransmitters released by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus in the brain.

Affects perception of pain