1
Q
the enlightenment
A
- focused on rational thought, secularism, spread of education, and knowledge
- reason!
- natural laws regulated the universe and society
- happiness!
- believed in social progress
- liberty!
- toleration!
- against religion (superstition and upholding old ideas) hy
2
Q
philosophes
A
people who wanted to improve the world
3
Q
locke
A
- promoted rational government
- promoted understanding human psychology
- “liberty, life, poverty”
4
Q
deism
A
-Newtonian view of the universe
5
Q
voltaire
A
- deism
- freedom of thought
- popularized newton
- secularize r
- “crush the infamous thing”
- didn’t like french government, like English
6
Q
montesquieu
A
- separation of powers
- limit on absolutism
7
Q
rousseau
A
- politics
- natural education instead of rigid
- social contract
- general will
8
Q
general will
A
no ruler
Rousseau
9
Q
beccaria
A
criminologist
against torture
10
Q
hume
A
religion is mere supersition
11
Q
kant
A
German enlightenment
- critique of pure reason
- categories of understand
12
Q
Enlightened Absolutism (despotism)
A
- rulers who more or less attempted to incorporate some the ideas of the enlightenment into their governments
- Frederick I of Prussia
- Joseph II of Austria
- Catherine the Great of Russia
- maria Theresa of Austria
- Peter the of Russia
13
Q
characteristics of enlightened` despots
A
- enact legal codes (abolish traditional privileges)
- encourage educational institutions
- secularization, religious toleration
- weakened of church
- increase revenues of state
- centralize power, codify laws
- built up military power
- monarch is the “servant” of the state
14
Q
maria theresa
A
- failed to regain Silesia (Austrian success)
- devout catholic
- moderate reformer
- improved economy
- alleviated serfdorm
15
Q
Frederick II the great
A
- started war of Austrian succession
- consorts with philosophies
- codified laws
- frees crown serfs
- abolished use of torture except for treason and murder
- encouraged Huguenots from France and Jews from Poland to immigrate to Prussia
- strengthened junkers privileges
16
Q
Joseph II
A
- impatient and furious reformer
- equal taxation
- toleration
- free press
- Jewish nobles
- improved commerce
- suppressed monasteries
- German language is universal
- secret police
- land to serfs
- abolished torture
- nobles didn’t like his reforms
- son is leopold
17
Q
leopold
A
-rolls back many of Joseph’s reforms to reduce outrage of nobles
-moderate reformer
-
18
Q
Catherine the great
A
- codified laws
- consorts with philosophers
- expands Russian territory to south and west (Crimean peninsula, annexed polish territory)
- Pugachev’s rebellion
- religious toleration
- allowed a commission to draft a new law code, but nobles refused to give up their privileges and little of accomplished
- allowed nobles more power over serfs and in status
19
Q
PUgachev’s rebellion
A
- Russia (Catherine)
- uprising of serfs
- stopped
- as a result, Catherine gave nobles more privileges and power
