Deck 10

Question 1

Cell Wall

Answer 1

Provides rigidity
Protects against environment
- mechanical, chemical, osmotic, pathogen

Structural Support
- shape and size

Barrier to Large molecules

Mediate Cell to Cell interactions

Question 2

Glycocalyx

Answer 2

Layer of polysaccharides
- diffuse and loosely associated with the cells= slime layer
- gelatinous and firmly attached to cells= capsule

Question 3

Gram Stain Procedure

Answer 3

1) crystal violet+ grams iodine
2) rinsed with ethanol then counter stained with safranin

Purple= still have crystal violet iodine complex= gram positive
Pink cells= gram negative

Question 4

Exotoxins

Answer 4

Toxic proteins that leak from or are secreted from the bacterium

Question 5

Endotoxins

Answer 5

Lipid A portion of LPS molecule on outer membrane of ALL gram negative bacteria

Question 6

Bacterial Cell walls

Answer 6

Made of peptidoglycans
Peptido- short peptides( cross linking function= strength)
Glycan- dissaccharides

Question 7

Gram Positive

Answer 7

Thick layer of PG+ teichoic acid
- most don’t cause disease
- can have waxy polymers in cell wall

Question 8

What are waxy polymers

Answer 8

Acid fast- resistant to decolonization by acids

Question 9

Gram Negative Bacteria

Answer 9

• also can have a lipopolysaccharide layer
• less PG and extra outer membrane

Question 10

Virulence

Answer 10

• gram negative are more virulent
• antibiotic resistance forms from human actions of:
  • misuse and misprescribed drugs
  • unfinished prescriptions
  • long term use to treat infections

Question 11

Biofilms

Answer 11

Complex aggregation of microorganisms attached to a surface and surrounded by a film of polymers

Question 12

Plant cell wall

Answer 12

Consists of cellulose fibers- give tensile strength
- performed by minute channels called plasmodesmata

Question 13

Plasmodesmata

Answer 13

• allows ions and small molecules to move directly from one cell to another through connecting cytosol to ithout having to penetrate plasma membrane/ cell wall.

Question 14

ECM

Answer 14

Extra cellular matrix
- found in animal cells; network of carbs and proteins

Function in: physical support adhesion, communication

Question 15

Composition of ECM

Answer 15

1) collagen- structure
2) Proteoglycan- network
3) Fibronectin- connects
4) integrin- proteins in plasma membrane

Question 16

Functions of glycocalyx

Answer 16

• resistance to desiccation+ phagocytosis
• recognized by vertebrate immune system
• attachment( important in biofilms)

Question 17

Pili

Answer 17

Made from pilin protein by some gram negative bacteria

Question 18

Adherence pili

Answer 18

Sticking to surfaces

Question 19

Sex pili

Answer 19

Conjugation( DNA transfer) and convey virulence
- transfer of plasmids

Question 20

HUS Toxin

Answer 20

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
- ability of certain bacteria to produce a toxin that causes damage to small blood vessels in kidneys
- kidneys become inflamed
- kidney failure occurs

Question 21

Antibiotic

Answer 21

Kills/ inhibits growth of bacteria and other microorganisms

Question 22

Resistance by Bacteria to Antibiotics

Answer 22

Bacteria pump them out the cell
- produce molecules/ enzymes that bind to antibiotic, rendering it ineffective against its target
- mutation results in a change in structure

Question 23

What complements are important in eukaryotic flagella

Answer 23

Microtubules- dynein
ATP
Basal Body
Centrosomes

Question 24

What is a centrosome

Answer 24

Where cytoskeleton microtubules in animal cells are formed and radiate outward from
- contained 2 short barrel shaped structures called centrioles

Question 25

Secondary Active Transport

Answer 25

Moves molecules against concentration gradient without direct use of ATP - uses energy from electrochemical gradient established by primary - uses co transporter proteins