Deck 9

Question 1

Nucleoid Region

Answer 1

Site of genomic DNA

Question 2

Plasmids

Answer 2

Both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- convey resistance against antibiotics and changes in the environment

Question 3

Ribosome in prokaryotes

Answer 3

Function in polypeptide assembly
Made of rRNA and protein
2 units- large subunit(50s) and small subunit(30s)
= 70s

Question 4

Ribosomes in Eurkaryotes

Answer 4

Made in nucleolis as SSU and LSU- moved to cytoplasm
- free or bound( to er or nuclear envelope)

Question 6

Function of Free ribosomes

Answer 6

Make proteins in the cytosol

Question 7

Functions of bound ribosomes

Answer 7

Make products inserted into membranes, endomembrane system or secreted from cell

Question 8

What is included in the Endomembrane system

Answer 8

System containing nucleus, er, Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, plasma membrane

Question 9

Function of endomembrane system

Answer 9

Synthesis and transport of proteins
- synthesis of lipids
- detoxification of some toxins
- movement via vesicles

Question 10

Vesicle

Answer 10

Connects the endomembrane system
- small membrane bound compartments

Question 11

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Extensive network of cisternia
- smooth and rough ER

Question 12

Cisternia

Answer 12

Membrane channels and vesicles

Question 13

Rough ER

Answer 13

Contains studded Ribosomes

Question 14

Smooth ER

Answer 14

No ribosomes
- synthesis of lipids that join cell membrane
- breakdown of toxins

Question 15

Process by which Rough ER modify proteins

Answer 15

1) protein enter the ER lumen; fold
2) modifications occur in the lumen
3) delivered to other regions within vesicles
4) travel through cytosol and attach to Golgi Complex

Question 16

Golgi Complex

Answer 16

Stack of flattened membranous sacs
Cis and trans face

• modify crude proteins
• send proteins to destination

Question 17

How does the Golgi perform its functions

Answer 17

1) receives proteins from ER in vesicles
2) vesicles contact cis face and release contents
3) proteins are chemically modified by removing/ adding lipids, carbs, amino groupdn
4) Transported to Trans face where they sort and bud off

Question 18

Lysosomes

Answer 18

Found only in animal cells
- membrane bound with hydrolytic enzymes
- pump protons into organelles
- formed by budding off the Golgi

Question 19

Function of hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 19

Digestions(hydrolysis) and autophagy( self eating; recycle worn out organelles)

Question 20

Vacuoles

Answer 20

Large membrane bound sacs
- food storage

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

“ powerhouse of the cell”
- double membrane( + matrix)
- makes ATP

Question 22

Chloroplast

Answer 22

Photosynthetic organelles
Three membranes:
Outer, inner, thylakoid

Question 23

Thylakoid

Answer 23

Where light reactions occur
- stack together forming( grana)

Question 24

Stroma

Answer 24

Fluid surrounding the thylakoid

Question 25

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 25

Separates the nucleus from cytoplasm - 2 membranes - filled with Nuclear Pore complex

Question 26

Nuclear Pore Complex

Answer 26

- large cylindrical formed from nucleporins - exchanges molecules between Nucleus and Cytoplasm + prevents transport of unwanted material

Question 27

Chromatin

Answer 27

Fills most of the space in the nucleus - mix of DNA and protein - any collection of DNA and associated proteins

Question 28

Chromosome

Answer 28

One complete DNA molecule and associated proteins

Question 29

Endosymbiosis

Answer 29

To live inside in close association - explains origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 30

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 30

1) prokaryote engulfed and survived in larger cells 2) mutually beneficial 3) bacteria protected 4) bacteria provided aerobic metabolism

Question 31

Mitochondria process of being

Answer 31

Aerobic bacteria engulfed became mitochondria

Question 32

Chloroplasts process of being

Answer 32

Photosynthetic bacteria engulfed became chloroplasts

Question 33

Serial endosymbiosis

Answer 33

1st- aerobic 2nd- photosynthetic

Question 34

Shared characteristic between organelles and bacteria

Answer 34

1) binary fission 2)presence of double\triple membranes • inner has same structure\ composition as bacteria • enzymes for metabolism located in inner membrane 3) presence of their own DNA 4) contains own ribosomes

Question 36

Cell cytoskeleton

Answer 36

network of proteins in eukaryotes - contains microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments - structural support and cell mobility

Question 37

Microtubules(largest )

Answer 37

Made of tubulin( comes in two parts) - long slender unbranched, hollow - dimer arranged head to tail giving it polarity

Question 38

Function of Microtubules

Answer 38

Cell shape - used to build cilia and flagella - forms mitotic spindle - moves organelles using motor proteins

Question 39

Motor proteins

Answer 39

- drive movement along cytoskeletal filaments - walks along microtubules on its head carrying cargo

Question 40

How to move cargo

Answer 40

- move with cargo along myosins( microfilaments) or dyneins/kinesins( microtubules)

Question 41

Cilia and flagella

Answer 41

- built from microtubules Filament has a 9+ 2 structure • 9 pairs in a ring on the outside • 2 individual MT in the center - connected by dynein motor protein and radial spoke proteins

Question 42

Microfilaments(smallest)

Answer 42

Polymer of intertwined strands of actin - assembled/ disassembled quickly

Question 43

Function of microfilaments

Answer 43

Cell shape Muscle contraction Cytoplasmic streaming Cell mobility Cell division

Question 44

Intermediate filaments

Answer 44

Made of large group of intermediate filament proteins - found only in multicellular organisms