Deductive Reasoning

Question 1

How does John Locke and Lewis Carroll’s thought on logic differ?

Answer 1

Locke: simple thinking
Carroll: confusing

Question 2

Describe how computers complete logic

Answer 2

Computers implement symbolic logic in all their operations

Question 3

Are we more logically or illogical?

Answer 3

Aalthough we sometimes reason illogically, logic prevades, in statements such as “and” or “if”

Question 4

A conditional statement is?

Answer 4

If P, then Q
If it’s raining, I’ll take an umbrella

Question 5

Antecedent condition

Answer 5

if p

Question 6

Consequent condition

Answer 6

then q
if p (THEN Q)

Question 7

State a conditional inference

Answer 7

If it’s raining, I’ll take an umbrella.
It’s raining
Therefore I’ll take an umbrella, etc.

Question 8

What kind of conditional inferences are not true?

Answer 8

denying the antecedent, affirming the consequenjnt

Question 9

Statements are either ___ or ___

Answer 9

Statements are either true of false

Question 10

Arguments are either ___ or ___

Answer 10

invalid or valid

Question 11

Statements in a conditonal statement

Answer 11

If P, then Q
P/not Q

Question 12

Argument in a conditional statement

Answer 12

Therefore ___.

Question 13

What makes an argument valid?

Answer 13

its conclusion must be true if its premises are true

Question 14

Is the conclusion of a valid arguments always true?

Answer 14

NO, it’s true only if the argument’s premises/statement are true

Question 15

Is the conclusin of an invalid argument always false

Answer 15

NO, it can be true by virute of observation rather than logic

Question 16

Invalid argument true conslusion

Answer 16

All doctors are processional people
Some professional people are rich
Some doctors are rich

(professional people could possibly not include doctors, therefore the argument is invalid)

Question 17

Valid argument, false conclusion

Answer 17

All milk is black
there is milk on the table
The milk on the table is black

statement is untrue, milk is not black

Question 18

Validity

Answer 18

logically correct argument

Question 19

True

Answer 19

Empirically correct statement

Question 20

Definitely true- logically guaranteed to be true

Answer 20

deduction

Question 21

Probably true

Answer 21

induction

Question 22

IF P then Q

Answer 22

condition

Question 23

Q if and only if P

Answer 23

Biconditional

Question 24

Logical argument?
If you mow the lawn, I’ll give you $20
you didn’t mow the lawn,
therefore I won’t give you $20

Answer 24

NO, it’s an example of denying the antecedent, but it seems valid because we often interepret conditions as biconditionals (if and only if)

Question 25

Describe an assumption based on a conditional statement that isn’t part of the argument

Answer 25

If you mow the lawn, I’ll give you $20 Make assumption (if you don’t mow the lawn, I won’t give you $20, not part of the argument) You didn’t mow the lawn, therefore I won’t give you $20

Question 26

If Fido is a pugm then Fido is a dog Fido is a pug Therefore Fido is a dog

Answer 26

Modus ponens

Question 27

If Fido is a pug, then Fido is a dog Fido is not a dog Therefore Fido is not a pug

Answer 27

Modus tollens

Question 28

Describe the Wason Selection Task

Answer 28

Four cards sitting on the table. E, M, 4, 7. If a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on the other side. Which cards myst be selected to decide whether this rule is true? The correct answer is E and 7, but the common answer is E and 4. If E is flipped over and there is an odd number the rule would be false. IF this card had a vowel on the other side, then the rule would be false. If the 7 card had a vowel, then the rule could be false. Card rule only pertains with card with vowels.

Question 29

Why is Wason’s task so hard?

Answer 29

We fail to relate each outcome to the implications of the conditional We devote our. Attention primarily to the stated items due to conversational pragmatics, do better when we say “if there is an odd number there is not a vowel” We are not practiced at reasoning abut unfamiliar and arbitrary content

Question 30

Describe familiarity rules.

Answer 30

We are more familiar with drinking ages than tax codes

Question 31

Describe the beer wason task.

Answer 31

If a person is drinking beer, then they must be over 21. Which cards must be selected to decide whether this rule is true. Drinking beer, drinking coke, over 21, under 21 Drinking beer, under 21. Drinking beer card must be over 21, Under 21 has to not be drinking beer

Question 32

Describe the comparison between the drinking law version and wason original’s version results.

Answer 32

No one passed the Wason’s version 73% helped them pass the drinking law version Participants failed Wason’s version even after succeeding on the drinking law version

Question 33

What is a notable caveat of “if a person is drinking beer, then they must be over 21”

Answer 33

It is a statement of permission, not a statement of fact/. We’re better about statements of permission, than statements of act even for unfamiliar content

Question 34

Describe the content effect of significance.

Answer 34

People are better at identifying evidence that would falsify a rule if that rule is emotionally aversive

Question 35

Describe the emotional lability and told they had high or low EL.

Answer 35

Randomly gave participants high or low el, and claimed that people with high el die early. Given high/low el cards, early death/late death card. If participants were told low el means early death, low EL did better on the task, if high EL then early death- high EL did better on the task.

Question 36

What is belief bias?

Answer 36

Privileging what you know to be true over a valid argument.

Question 37

Valid argaument with a false premise

Answer 37

Pigs can fly Wilbur is a pig Therefore Wilbur can fly

Question 38

Valid argument with a unfamiliar statement

Answer 38

Birds have sessamoid bones Tweety is a bird therefore tweety has sesamoid bones

Question 39

What are the questions of Dias et al?

Answer 39

Can unschooled, illiterate adults overcome the belief bias in syllogistic reasoning

Question 40

What are the alternatives to Dias et al?

Answer 40

Yes, even preschoolers can overcome if prompted to think of the premises as pertaining to another planet No, the preschoolers in previous studies have benefitted indirectly from traditions of schooling and literacy

Question 41

What is the logic of Dias et al?

Answer 41

If schooling is unnecessary to overcome the belief bias, then unschooled adults should be able to overcome this bias given the right prompts

Question 42

What was the method of Dias et al?

Answer 42

Brazilian adults with little to no schooling completed modus ponens syllogisms Half of the syllogisms contained unknown contents and half contained content that contradicted prior beliefs Participants were also asked to justify their judgements

Question 43

What were the results of Dias et al

Answer 43

Accuracy was consistently higher in the planet condition Particpants were more likely to use analytic thinking in the planet prompt

Question 44

What are the inferences of Dias et al?

Answer 44

Schooling or exposure to a tradition of schooling is not required to overcome the belief bias Schooling helps though It’s engaging in pretense that allows us to set aside empirical considerations and reason purely analytically.