Implicit Memory: Unit 2

Question 1

Failure to recollect stimuli that was definitely perceived. Leads to changes in behavior despite the lack of memory

Answer 1

Implicit memory

Question 2

Memories that are encoded and retrieved without intention is considered?

Answer 2

Memories that are encoded and retrieved without intention is considered implicit

Question 3

How can you infer the presence of some implicit memories?

Answer 3

Changes/effects on behavior

Question 4

Describe how Claparede noticed a case of implicit memory in an amnesiac patient.

Answer 4

Treated a patient where she would forget who he was from day to day. Claparede pricked her with a needle while shaking her hand introducing himself, the next day the patient refused to shake his hand despite not technically remembering him

Question 5

Why is implicit memory best shown in amnesiacs?

Answer 5

Because their lack of memory is dissociated from explicit memory

Question 6

What are the forms of implicit memory?

Answer 6

Conditioned response and procedural memories

Question 7

Claparde’s patient provides an example of ___ memory in amnesiacs (not just implicit, be more specific)

Answer 7

Claparde’s patient provides an example of conditioned response: learned that shaking hand with Claparde= being pricked by a needle, therefore should not shake his hand

Question 8

Why do amnesiacs provide the clearest evidence of implicit memory?

Answer 8

Because their implicit memory is dissociated from explicit memory- there was no way that their explicit memory is what caused them to recall it

Question 9

Procedural memories are implicit in that they are inaccessible to _____ and _____ report.

Answer 9

Procedural memories are implicit in that they are implicit in that they are inaccessible to introspection and verbal report

Question 10

Provide three examples of procedural memory.

Answer 10

Typing, tying your shoe, riding a bike- you learn it but you you can’t really explain how to do it as easily

Question 11

What is mirror tracing?

Answer 11

Attempting to trace something, but a paper covers what you’re attempting to trace, so the only way you could see what you’re tracing is from a mirror

Question 12

Describe Henry Molaison and how mirror tracing suggested his implicit memory

Answer 12

HM had his hippocampus removed leading to anterograde amnesia. Was taught mirror tracing, and took lower and lower amount to complete the mirror tracing task per trial (350s->100s). This ability was retained even after a year. Suggests that despite lack of explicit memory of learning something implicit memory still exists

Question 13

Explain Cohen and Squire and mirror reading in amnesiac

Answer 13

Did a mirror reading task back to back for three days and visited 3 months later. Both amnesiac and non-amnesiac controls became faster at the task at around the same pace. Both were slightly slower on newer trials of words, but would be faster when the words have been previously used. Amnesiacs could not accurately say whether they saw the words or not unlike the controls

Question 14

Describe Graf et al and stem completion in amnesiacs and non-amnesiacs

Answer 14

Gave them words to study and asked them if it was on the list (was defeat on the list?) , but also a stem completion task (fill in a word with def___). Controls recognized the words however amnesiacs did not, however they completed the word stems with the study words as often as controls did, suggests implicit memory/ prioritizing the words

Question 15

When the word cloud or table flashes, which word leads to a faster response to the word “chair” afterward?

Answer 15

The word table, due to its association to chair

Question 16

Why is priming not always the best evidence for implicit memory?

Answer 16

People may report they did not see a prime because they lack confidence in their observation.

Question 17

Describe the Jacoby et al and “getting famous overnight”

Answer 17

On the first day, a participants were quizzed on their memory from a list of names in the phone book that either showed up once or four times. Then on the second day, they made judgements whether they thought the person was famous or not (there were some famous people in the list+ new day 2 names). Were more likely to find Day 1 names and names that they only saw once as famous- saw them as familiar without knowing why and thus assumed they were famous

Question 18

Describe implicit memory in 10 year olds vs adults in Finn et al.

Answer 18

Tested them in explicit memory tasks (such as working memory) and implicit tasks (mirror tracing). Children demonstrate adult like procedural implicit memory prior to adult like explicit memory, suggests that implicit memory develops faster `

Question 19

Describe the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm and how it relates to false memories

Answer 19

If you’re shown a certain amount of words on a certain topic (such as sewing, thread, fabric, clothing), you would be more have the false memory a word related to that topic (such as needle) was on the list even if it wasn’t. Direct activation of a word in memory indirectly leads to the activation of other words, almost as much activation of being directly activated. Misattribute feeling of familiarity as seeing the word

Question 20

What is the question of Mitchell et al?

Answer 20

Does perceptual priming last for 17 years?

Question 21

What are the alternatives explanations of Mitchell et al?

Answer 21

Yes, priming would last 17 years, people can be primed to identify picture fragments with ones seen months earlier
No, pictures would only facilitate priming if they could be consciously recollected

Question 22

What is the logic of Mitchell et al?

Answer 22

If priming is robust, then fragments from images glanced 17 years ago should be more accurately recalled by participants that took the test 17 years ago than novel fragments

Question 23

What was the method of Mitchell et al?

Answer 23

Adults (either longitudinal, took the study 17 years ago or new participants) were told to identify picture fragments after seeing it for 1-3 seconds. These were either “new” ones (the ones for this experiment) and “old” ones, which were used as 17 years ago. Priming effect operationalized as the difference in correct identification rates in old versus new pictures

Question 24

Why did Mitchell et al use a control group?

Answer 24

To see if the older images were easier to remember than t the newer images (which could thus make the priming effect unclear)

Question 25

What were the results of Mitchell et al?

Answer 25

13% increase in priming in longitudinal group on the stimuli they say 17 years ago- lack of difference in newer group suggests that it was not just because the fragments were easier to identify. This was the case despite some of the participants not being able to recall the experiment at all

Question 26

What is the inference of Mitchell et al?

Answer 26

Priming lasts over 17+ years even for stimuli participants cannot actively recal Confirm the dissociation between implicit and explicit tasks, because many forgot the original task Mechanisms that support perceptual identification are distinct form those that support semantic processing