Forgetting

Question 1

Why do 2 years old tend to monologue?

Answer 1

Young children do not know they have an internal monologue or phonological loop, but they fail to uses the loop for private thoughts or maintenance rehearsal.

Question 2

What is 2 years old’s short term memory item capacity

Answer 2

3 items long

Question 3

How did Flagelo et al describe how children rehearse study materials with subcvocalization?

Answer 3

Looked for lip movement and say how much they used subvocalization. Very little kindergarteners do it, second graders have half of them do it at least occasionally, fifth graders have most constantly doing it, leading to better memory

Question 4

Because young children don’t ____, they don’t have primacy effects. Why?

Answer 4

Because children don’t subvocalize they don’t have primacy effects because they can’t rehearse the words in a way it would get into their short-term memory. They only show brief recency effects

Question 5

Describe Gopnik and Graf and source monitoring through children through drawers

Answer 5

Either show, tell, or infer the contents of the drawer. Children were able to successfully name the contents of the drawer but didn’t know how they knew this consistently until they were 5 years old, 3 year olds were just under chance

Question 6

Attending to the source of one’s memories

Answer 6

Source monitoring

Question 7

Poor source monitoring has been linked to?

Answer 7

Poor source monitoring in adults have been linked to suggestibility to information

Question 8

are children highly suggestible?

Answer 8

Children are worse at source monitoring than even the least attentive adults, making them highly suggestible

Question 9

Describe how Ceci asked children biased questions and how that affects their memory

Answer 9

Told a story about a girl who got a stomachache after eating her eggs too quickly. Asked a biased question, such as when Lee got a headache after eating the cereal too quickly and an unbiased question such as do you remember the story about how Lee got sick. Children who were asked biased questions gave answers based on what was suggested while children who were asked unbiased questions performed significantly better

Question 10

What are some implications of children being too suggestible?

Answer 10

Children testifying- if they are suggested something they may remember that

Question 11

What are the three points of evidence that memory traces could be not permanently erased?

Answer 11

Long lost memories are activated via neural stimulation
Failures of intentional forgetting
Saving in relearning

Question 12

Provide a study that describes stimulating a long lost memory in the brain

Answer 12

Stimulate different parts of the brain to recall memories in patients with epilepsy. People were then able to recall memories that they haven’t recalled in the past

Question 13

Provide an example of a study that discusses how intentional forgetting may fail

Answer 13

Had participants study a list of words and ask them to forget or remember them. However, participants could not recall which words they were supposed to forget and recalled them just as much on the test as those who did not

Question 14

Describe a study that describes saving and pair relearning.

Answer 14

Training 1: number paired with a verb, and then tested which ones they recognized. Made a new test with non-recognized pairs, some which had pairs switched and others that remained the same. Old pairs that were not recognized were more likely to be recognized in test 2 (57%), however new pairs were less recognized (22%). Memories strengthened from old pairs after relearning

Question 15

What are the four explanations for inaccessible memory?

Answer 15

Decay
Interference
Overwriting
Lack of consolidation

Question 16

Describe how Ebbinghaus discovered how memories tend to decay

Answer 16

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve essentially describes how memories tend to decay over time

Question 17

New memory interferes with retrieving older ones

Answer 17

Retroactive interference

Question 18

Old memories interfere with retrieving new ones

Answer 18

Proactive interference

Question 19

Provide an example of retroactive interference

Answer 19

You move temporarily and have to change your ZIP code and can’t remember the old one

Question 20

Provide an example of proactive interference

Answer 20

You change your password but can only remember the old one and can’t remember a new one

Question 21

Overriding is similar to how ____ forget information

Answer 21

Overriding is similar to how computers forget information

Question 22

What kind of evidence suggests that overriding does not occur?

Answer 22

Misinformation effect- people are more likely to remember what originally happened than what was suggested after being asked without the suggested item

Question 23

Information committed to LTM must be ______ to be retained
I

Answer 23

Information committed to Long term memory must be consolidated during sleep in order to be retained

Question 24

Describe Stickgold et al and sleep’s effect on memory consolidation

Answer 24

Measured sleep before learning, after learning, day before test, day of test. On day after learning, no sleep group was not allowed to sleep. Sleep deprived group were not shown significant improvement after the test on the third day (controls for fatigue). Accuracy on test was correlated with SWS and REM sleep

Question 25

Information flow during non rem sleep goes from where to where?

Answer 25

Information flow during non rem sleep goes from hippocampus to the cortex

Question 26

Information flow during REM sleep goes from where to where?

Answer 26

Cortex to the hippocampus

Question 27

Information flow changing during sleep suggests what about memory consolidation?

Answer 27

Interleaving: creating connections between short term memroy and long term memory

Question 28

Describe Sternberg et al and the Luminosity study

Answer 28

Analyzed the performance of 35 million Luminosity users doing cognitive tasks, found out that peak performance happens on 7-8 hours of sleep

Question 29

The formal term for tip of the tongue experiences

Answer 29

Blocking

Question 30

Burke et al study on blocking

Answer 30

had participants of different ages record their blocking experience in a diary for four weeks. People had a harder time remembering proper names than object names and abstract words and the discrepancy became larger throughout age

Question 31

Describe Mcweeny and the Baker/baker paradox

Answer 31

Created flashcards with face on one side and name and occupation on the other. Every occupation was used as a surname for someone else and vice versa. Asked to recall name and occupation and found that more often than not if someone forgot one of them it usually was name, would very rarely forget occupation but not name

Question 32

Why could names be harder to memorize?

Answer 32

If you forget an occupation, you can infer it from other information about the person, but since names are arbitrary, you can’t do this for them