Visual Perception

Question 1

The idea that a person looks at something and transfers the image in their mind and interprets the image in their mind

Answer 1

Naive realism

Question 2

Describe how ambiguity is a problem for naive realism

Answer 2

Sensory input is consistent with multiple interpretations- if we can’t tell if an image is convex or concave our brain can get confused which one is it

Question 3

Describe how context sensitivity is a problem for naive realism

Answer 3

Much of what we perceive is based on context and past experience. If a line is short in relation to nearby lines compared to a line that is longer in relation to nearby lines, we might assume that line that is longer in relation to others is longer when it might be the same height

Question 4

Describe how the homunculus may be difficult for naive realism

Answer 4

The outcome of perception cannot be a picture in the mind because a picture would require an interpretation inside the mind, which would create an infinite amount of images in the mind

Question 5

Describe bottom-up processing.

Answer 5

Energy from a stimulus is transduced into a neural impulse, once energy is transduced the brain can use the neural impulse to detect features to integrate into a bundle of features, leading to recognizing an unified object, leading to reacting on that object.

Question 6

Describe top-down processing.

Answer 6

We react to something and then we are able to recognize it and detect new features. This can cause stimulus transduction.

Question 7

Describe parallel processing

Answer 7

Feature detection all works at the same time, and they are detected and perceived together- processing helps each other, such as edge processing working with form processing. Many connections between different processing centers.

Question 8

We live in a ____ world, but despite perceiving the world, our retinas are ___

Answer 8

We live in a 3-dimensional world, but despite perceiving the world our retinas are flat

Question 9

Things blocking other things provides a sense of depth and positioning

Answer 9

Interposition

Question 10

A horizon leads to a vanishing point. Lines become shorter on their way to the vanishing point

Answer 10

Linear perspective

Question 11

Depth is informed by ____ and the fact that light comes from above, allowing us to assume depth

Answer 11

Shadow

Question 12

Smaller things should be farther away

Answer 12

Relative size

Question 13

How does relative size work with linear perspective?

Answer 13

If something by the vanishing point is larger than something farther away from it, then that suggests that thing by the vanishing point is really big

Question 14

Name all pictorial cues

Answer 14

Interposition, linear perspective, shadow, relative size

Question 15

____ cues are less informative that motion and cues and binocular cues. Why?

Answer 15

Pictorial cues are less informative than motion cues and binocular cues- pictorial cues typically use context and prior assumptions which may not be always accurate

Question 16

Objects that are close to you move in out of view faster compared to things that are farther that seem to move slowly

Answer 16

Relative motion cues

Question 17

Describe how retinal disparity functions.

Answer 17

The two eyes both take slightly different vantage points of the same sight to create depth and fusing the two images, allowing the eyes to calculate the distance between you and an object

Question 18

The left visual field is perceived by the ____ eye, which is connected to the ____ visual cortex. The right visual field is perceived by the ____ eye which is connected to the ____ visual cortex.

Answer 18

The left visual field is perceived by the left eye, which is connected to the right visual cortex. The right visual field is perceived by the right eye which is connected to the left visual cortex.

Question 19

Binocular disparity is only feasible when:

Answer 19

What is in sight is seen by both eyes/in both visual fields

Question 20

What are orientation columns?

Answer 20

Columns that are sensitive to edge orientation

Question 21

At ____ neurons in the visual processing cortex from each eye are ____. Within a ___ they separate into ___ columns

Answer 21

At birth, neurons in the visual processing cortex receiving input from each eye are intermingled. Within a month, they separate into separate columns

Question 22

What are ocular dominance columns?

Answer 22

Columns that are segregated into left and right inputs. Perpendicular to the orientation columns

Question 23

How was it tested whether an area that normally processes auditory stimuli be used to process for visual stimuli?

Answer 23

Rewiring a newborn ferret’s brain by rerouting visual input from visual auditory cortex to primary audio cortex.
This was done by disconnecting the newborn’s eye from its left visual cortex, connecting the disconnected eye to the ferret’s left auditory cortex and destroying the left visual cortex

Question 24

After disconnecting the ferret’s right eye from the left visual cortex and connecting it to the left auditory cortex, were the ferrets capable of seeing with their right eyes?

Answer 24

Yes, it interpreted a stimulus coming from the right as light and not as sound