Short Term Memory: Unit 2

Question 1

Translating external information into an internal representation (events and concepts)

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

Maintaining a memory representation over time

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

Accessing a memory representation for reference or manipulation

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

What is the RAM equivalent in human memory?

Answer 4

Short term memory

Question 5

What is the cache equivalent of human memory

Answer 5

sensory store

Question 6

What is the hard drive equivalent of human memory?

Answer 6

Long term memory

Question 7

What is the span of sensory memory, and how much can it hold?

Answer 7

200-500 ms, capacity is limitless- everything on your retina

Question 8

What is the span of short-term memory, and how much can it hold?

Answer 8

2-5 seconds, limit of 7 items, plus or minus 2

Question 9

What is the span of long-term memory, and how much can it hold?

Answer 9

Years long duration and is essentially limitless

Question 10

Conscious knowledge long-term memory

Answer 10

Explicit memory

Question 11

Long-term memory that you can put into words

Answer 11

Declarative memory

Question 12

What are the two types of declarative memory?

Answer 12

Semantic memory and episodic memory

Question 13

Memory of things with general meaning

Answer 13

Semantic memory

Question 14

Memory of episodes in life

Answer 14

Episodic memory

Question 15

What are the two types of explicit memory?

Answer 15

Declarative memory, visuospatial memory

Question 16

memories where information is encoded but you aren’t aware

Answer 16

Implicit

Question 17

What are the two types of implicit memory?

Answer 17

Conditioned responses
Procedural memory

Question 18

Reactions to stimuli that are developed over time

Answer 18

Conditioned responses

Question 19

Skills that we can deploy without understanding how we do

Answer 19

Procedural memory

Question 20

How do we aid our short therm memory?

Answer 20

Rehearsal and chunking

Question 21

Repeating the list to-be-remembered items to imprint them anew in the head

Answer 21

Rehearsal

Question 22

Combining arbitrary units of information into a smaller numbers of meaningful units

Answer 22

Chunking

Question 23

Explain chunking with FBI VIP GNP CBS

Answer 23

IT would be difficult to memorize these terms separately, but as if you chunk the information into three letters, you would understand the terms and memorize them better

Question 24

How do you block the use of additional strategies used to aid short-term memory?

Answer 24

Require people to talk aloud, prevent them from rehearsing and chunking

Question 25

Explained how Peterson and Peterson describes how using verbal tasks to test short term memory through verbal interruptions

Answer 25

Prevented rehearsal by having participants memorize three letters grouping stimuli and having them count backwards by 3, and the amount they can memorize significantly decreased after 2-5 seconds. If you can’t talk to yourself then things wipe from their memory quickly

Question 26

Describes how Wickens discover how proactive interference is reflected STM.

Answer 26

People were told to memorize colors, and significantly became worse at memorizing at the task went on (proactive interference). The proactive interference effect decreased when they were given words of a different subjects

Question 27

What are serial positioning effects?

Answer 27

Accuracy of recalling a word depends on the location of the word on a serial list

Question 28

Primacy effect

Answer 28

Being more likely to memorize the first word on your list

Question 29

Being more likely to memorize the last word of the list

Answer 29

Recency effects

Question 30

Why could recency effects occur?

Answer 30

Are recalled directly for the STM, only occur if you recall something directly after the study period

Question 31

Explain how primacy effects occur

Answer 31

Early items benefit from more rehearsals than later items and are thus already transferred to the LTm

Question 32

When both LTM and STM are maintained but there is no link between short-term and long-term memory

Answer 32

Anterograde amnesia

Question 33

Loss of long-term memory

Answer 33

Retrograde amnesia

Question 34

Which type of amnesia is more common?

Answer 34

Anterograde amnesia is more common than retrograde

Question 35

A person who has anterograde amnesia should be able to remember?

Answer 35

Experiences prior to before they had their coma Words and concepts Skills and procedures Feelings of familiarity and attachment

Question 36

Describe the how the primary memory model attempts to explain short-term memory.

Answer 36

Short term/ primary memory, after sensing a stimuli, functions as a buffer. If you rehearse it, it will go to long term memory/secondary memory, and if you don’t it would be forgotten.

Question 37

Describe the working memory model.

Answer 37

Short-term memory functions by having a central executive that uses a phonological verbal loop and a visuospatial sketchpad, which are distinct

Question 38

How do we know that the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop are distinct?

Answer 38

Selective interference

Question 39

Explain a study that describes the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop are distinct.

Answer 39

Participants were given two tasks- a primary and secondary. verbal primary was to tell which letter in a sequence changed between two displays, visual tasks had to indicate which square in a matrix changed color. Secondary verbal task was performing five continuous arithmetic problems, secondary visual was creating and identifying a mental image by filling in boxes in a 3x5 matrix. Became harder over time. If you do a primary visual/verbal task and your secondary task is of the same type, then you would perform notably worse. You would not perform as bad if you have a primary verbal task/secondary visual task and vice versa

Question 40

What are the properties of the phonological loop?

Answer 40

Phonological similarity effect Word length effect Articulatory suppression Irrelevant speech effect

Question 41

Immediate recall is impaired items are the same (dog log bog hog fog)

Answer 41

Phonological similarity effect

Question 42

Immediate memory span declines as the spoken length of the items increases

Answer 42

Word length effects

Question 43

Immediate recall is impaired if participants utter a random word during a recall study

Answer 43

Articulatory suppression

Question 44

Immediate recall is impaired if irrelevant (words that need to be ignored) are in the list

Answer 44

Irrelevant speech effect