ectoparasitic control

Question 1

what factors do you need to consider when treating with antiparaciticides

Answer 1

• collies with MDR1 gene and ivermectin
• age restrictions
• meat/milk withdrawal
• non-target toxicity

Question 2

how do neurotoxins work against parasites

Answer 2

kill via paralysis

Question 3

how do IGRs kill parasites

Answer 3

interrupt development

Question 4

how do repellents and dessicants work to kill parasites

Answer 4

mechanical removal/chemical deterrents

Question 5

what is the mode of action of neurotoxins

Answer 5

• act on parasite CNS synapses, axons, or neuromuscular junctions to produce spastic or flaccid paralysis
• all adulticidal; some ovicidal/larvicidal also

Question 6

give 3 examples of neonicatinoids

Answer 6

• imidacloprid
• nitenpyram
• dinotefuran

Question 7

imidacloprid is for

Answer 7

• licensed for fleas and chewing lice in dogs, fleas in rabbits
  topical application, NOT absorbed systemically (wshes off)

Question 8

how long does nitenpyram last

Answer 8

rapid onset, short lived effect (24 hours)
oral tab

Question 9

give a drug name of organophosphates

Answer 9

diazinon (dimpyate)
sheep dip

Question 10

diazinon treats for

Answer 10

• sheep scab
• blow fly larvae
• lice
• ticks
• keds

Question 11

What are the classes of GABA inhibitors

Answer 11

• phenylpyrazoles
• bispyrazones

Question 12

give 2 drug examples of GABA inhibitors

Answer 12

• fipronil
• tigolaner

Question 13

what does fipronil treat

Answer 13

• fleas, ticks
• chewing lice in dogs
• topical, not absorbed systemically

Question 14

what species is fipronil toxic to

Answer 14

RABBITS

Question 15

tigolaner treats against

Answer 15

fleas and otodectes in cats

Question 16

what is the drug class of GABA and chloride channel inhibitors

Answer 16

isoxazolines

Question 17

how/what do isoxazolines work/do

Answer 17

All licensed for fleas + ticks
Highly effective vs range of other ectoparasites also
Rapid onset of action

Absorbed systemically
Unaffected by bathing/swimming
Available as spot-ons/ oral tablets (cats/dogs), in-water (poultry)

Caution re use in patients with seizures

Question 18

patients who hae seizures should not be given which antiparacitic

Answer 18

isoxazolines (fluralaner, sarolaner, afoxolaner, esafoxolaner, lotilaner)

Question 19

give 4 drug names of isozaolines

Answer 19

• fluralaner
• sarolaner
• afoxolaner
• esafoxolaner
• lotilaner

Question 20

what does fluralaner treat

Answer 20

fleas, ticks, demodex/sarcoptes in dogs
red mite in poultry

Question 21

what do sarolaner/afoxolaner treat

Answer 21

fleas, ticks, demodex, sarcoptes, otodectes in dogs

Question 22

name a chloride channel stimulator drug class

Answer 22

macrocyclic lactones

Question 23

what do macrocyclic lactones do

Answer 23

Many preparations available

Absorbed systemically
Do not wash off
Action vs selected ectoparasites (insects + arachnids) and endoparasites (esp GI nematodes)

Question 24

what is important to remember about macrocyclic lactones and collies

Answer 24

Care re neurotoxicity if MDR1 gene mutation,
esp collies/herding breeds if not used according to data sheet
MDR1 mutation –> failure of p-glycoprotein pump –> drug crosses blood brain barrier –> neurotoxicity –> death

Question 25

list drug names of macrocyclic lactones

Answer 25

- avermectins (ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, selamectin, moxidectin) - milbemycins

Question 26

Ivermectin is TOXIC to which species

Answer 26

chelonians

Question 27

name the drug class that is a sodium channel stimulant

Answer 27

pyrethroids

Question 28

what are pyrethroids

Answer 28

Adulticide vs fleas, flies, lice, keds, ticks (slower kill than isoxazolines), some mites Also repellant (see section III) In wide range products esp for farm animals//horses/birds also environmental flea sprays Toxic to cats (except flumethrin collar) Toxic to aquatic life Not suitable for dogs that swim (+ washes off) Care to protect fish tanks with environmental flea spray

Question 29

pyrethroids are TOXIC to which species

Answer 29

CATS (except flumethrin collar) aquatic life (therefore, care for dogs that swim)

Question 30

give 4 examples of pyrethroids

Answer 30

- permethrin - cypermethrin - deltamethrin - flumethrin

Question 31

insect growth regulators are effective against which life stage

Answer 31

no adulticidal properties effective in interrupting juvenile stages of insect life cycle

Question 32

give examples of juvenile hormone analogues

Answer 32

S-methoprene Pyriproxyfen Fenoxycarb found in environmental spray, spot ons and flea collars

Question 33

give examples of chitin synthesis inhibitors

Answer 33

lufenuron

Question 34

give examples of triazine derivatives

Answer 34

Cyromazine Dicyclanil

Question 35

give examples of repellents

Answer 35

Pyrethrins/pyrethroids Diethyltoluamide (DEET) Citronella??

Question 36

give examples of synergists

Answer 36

piperonyl butoxide

Question 37

give an example of a dessicant

Answer 37

sodium polyborate

Question 38

give an example of a mechanical agent

Answer 38

diatomaceous earth (sharp particles that damage parasite exoskeleton)

Question 39

how do you approach diagnosis of ectoparasites

Answer 39

Know what parasite(s) to look for → based on species, clinical signs, and history. Choose appropriate test: Surface mites: Skin scrapes, tape strips. Fleas: Coat brushing, flea dirt test. Lice: Visible; confirm with tape strip. Deep mites: Skin scraping until bleeding. Take multiple samples from primary lesions. Examine samples systematically: Use LP under coverslip View on x4–10 magnification with reduced light Deep scrapes for Demodex or Sarcoptes Identify parasite by shape, size, and leg features.

Question 40

list common tests for ectoparasites

Answer 40

Skin Scraping: Surface (e.g., Cheyletiella) vs. Deep (e.g., Demodex, Sarcoptes). Trichogram: Hair shaft exam (lice eggs, Demodex). Serology: e.g., Psoroptes in sheep, Sarcoptes in dogs – useful but limited.