vaccines

Question 1

what are the different types fo vaccine

Answer 1

Bacterial vaccines
* Inactivated/killed
* Attenuated (weakened)
* Subunit (e.g., toxoids)
* Recombinant (e.g., OspA for Lyme disease in dogs)

Viral vaccines
* Inactivated (whole or split virus)
* Attenuated
* Subunit
* Vectored (using another virus as a carrier)
* Plasmid DNA
* mRNA

Question 2

what are the pros and cons of infectious (live/attenuated) vaccines

Answer 2

pros:
- rapid and robust immunity
- often effective after one dose

cons:
- may cause mild disease
- rarely can revert to virulence

Question 3

what are the pro/con of mRNA vaccines

Answer 3

strong, but require cold storage

Question 4

how do you differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA)

Answer 4

• diagnostic tests detect antibodies not present in the vaccine
• useful in disease control

Question 5

name components of vaccines and what they are for

Answer 5

adjuvants: enhance immune response (alum, squalene, liposomes, cytokines)
presevatives and stabilisers: maintain shelf life and safety

Question 6

list different causes of adverse reactions caused by vaccines

Answer 6

• vaccine induced (local inflamm)
• vaccine potentiated (exacerbates disease)
• programmatic error (wrong administration)
• coincidental (not vaccine related, just bad timing)

Question 7

outline the process of creating a vaccine for use in animals

Answer 7

Question 8

what are the different types of adverse events caused by vaccines

Answer 8

local or systemic:
- heat, swelling, redness at vaccine site
- lethargy, loss of appetitie/fever
- severe allergic reaction

Question 9

what is a feline injection site sarcoma

Answer 9

• tumours (high grade sarcomas) linked to vaccine admin
• time from vaccination to tumour development between 3 months and 4 years
• radical excision with radiation therapy recommended for tumours in skin over the thorax or abdo, limb amputation for tumours at injection sites at limb
• high recurrence rates
• role of adjuvants and genetics

Question 10

how do you avoid fiss

Answer 10

• only admin necessary vaccines
• avoid adjuvanted vaccines/use attenuated or recombinant vaccines
• follow vaccine site reco (distal limb, tail, lateral abdo, never scruff)
• use different site each year

Question 11

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 11

• IgE-mediated allergic response
• IgE can precipitate degranulation of mast cells and release of histamine leading to anaphylactic shock
• usually within a few minutes