EPPP > EPPP Abnormal > Flashcards

EPPP Abnormal Flashcards

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1
Q

Learned Helplessness Model

A

depression is due to exposure to uncontrollable negative events and internal, stable, and global attributions for those events.

A reformulation of the theory by Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy emphasizes the role of hopelessness.

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2
Q

Reactive Attachment Disorder

A

pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers as manifested by a lack of seeking or responding to comfort when distressed and a persistent social and emotional disturbance

Requires evidence that the child has experienced extreme insufficient care that is believed to be the cause of the disturbed behavior

must be apparent before the child is five years of age, and the child must have a developmental age of at least nine months

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3
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Cluster C

pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

4+ symptoms

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4
Q

Risk Factors for Suicide

A

a warning; previous attempts; a plan (especially one involving a lethal weapon); male gender; being divorced, separate, or widowed; and feelings of hopelessness

For most age groups, the rates are highest for Whites; an exception is for American-Indian/Alaskan Native individuals ages 15 to 34 who have a rate 2.5 times higher

associated with Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder

women attempt more, men more fatal

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5
Q

Adjustment Disorders

A

within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s)

presence of marked distress that is not proportional to the severity of the stressor and/or significant impairment in functioning

must remit within 6 months after termination of the stressor or its consequences

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6
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

(a) a restriction of energy intake that leads to a significantly low body weight
(b) an intense fear of gaining weight
(c) a disturbance in the way the person experiences their body weight or shape or a persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of their low body weight

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7
Q

Tobacco withdrawal

A

4+ symptoms within 24 hours

irritability or anger, anxiety, impaired concentration, increased appetite, restlessness, depressed mood, insomnia

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8
Q

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

A

modest decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains

does not interfere with the individual’s independence in everyday activities

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9
Q

Major Neurocognitive Disorder

A

significant decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains

interferes with the individual’s independence in everyday activities

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10
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Cluster A

pervasive pattern of detachment from interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings

4+ symptoms

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11
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Cluster A

pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness that entails interpreting the motives of others as malevolent

4+ symptoms

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12
Q

Expressed emotion and Schizophrenia

A

characterized by open criticism and hostility toward the patient or, alternatively, overprotectiveness and emotional over involvement.

associated with a high risk for relapse and rehospitalization

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13
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Cluster B

pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity

5+ symptoms

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14
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

(a) recurrent episodes of binge eating that are accompanied by a sense of a lack of control
(b) inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
(c) self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

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15
Q

Delirium

A

(a) a disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time, represents a change from baseline functioning, and tends to fluctuate in severity over the course of a day
(b) an additional disturbance in cognition

must be evidence that symptoms are the direct physiological consequence of a medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, and/or exposure to a toxin.

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16
Q

Neurocognitive Disorder Due To Alzheimer’s Disease

A

-Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder are met
-insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains
-criteria for probable or possible Alzheimer’s disease are met

slow, progressive decline described in stages:
1. (1 to 3 years) - anterograde amnesia (especially for declarative memories); deficits in visuospatial skills (wandering); indifference, irritability, and sadness; and anomia.
2. (2 to 10 years) - increasing retrograde amnesia; flat or labile mood; restlessness and agitation; delusions; fluent aphasia; acalculia; and ideomotor apraxia (inability to translate an idea into movement).
3. (8 to 12 years) - severely deteriorated intellectual functioning; apathy; limb rigidity; and urinary and fecal incontinence.

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17
Q

Specific Learning Disorder

A

-individual’s academic skills are substantially below those expected for their age
-interfere with academic or occupational performance or activities of daily living
-began during the school-age years

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18
Q

Depressive Cognitive Triad

A

Beck

negative beliefs about oneself, the world (situation), and the future

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19
Q

Malingering

A

Intentional production or gross exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by external incentives

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20
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Cluster C

pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive, clinging behavior and a fear of separation

5+ symptoms

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21
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Cluster B

pervasive pattern of emotionality and attention-seeking

5+ symptoms

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22
Q

Alcohol Withdrawal

A

2+ symptoms within several hours to a few days following cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption:

autonomic hyperactivity; hand tremor; insomnia; nausea or vomiting; transient illusions or hallucinations; anxiety; psychomotor agitation; generalized tonic-clonic seizures

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23
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Alcohol-Induced Major Neurocognitive Disorder

amnestic-confabulatory

anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation

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24
Q

Cultural Formulation

A

-the client’s cultural identity
-the client’s cultural conceptualization of distress
-the psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact the client’s vulnerability and resilience
-cultural factors relevant to the relationship between the client and therapist

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25
Substance Use Disorders
2+ symptoms over 12 month period (a) impaired control (b) social impairment (c) risky use (d) pharmacological criteria
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Acute Stress Disorder
9+ symptoms following exposure to an event at least 3 days but less than 1 month
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Social Anxiety Disorder
intense fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others ERP is an effective treatment, may be enhanced when it is combined with social skills training or cognitive restructuring and other cognitive techniques
28
Behavioral Pediatrics
Hospitalized children are at increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems (ages 1-4 tend to have the most negative reactions to hospitalization) Children/adolescents with chronic medical conditions have higher rates of school-related problems Compliance with medical regimens is a particular problem for adolescents.
29
Tourette's Disorder
-presence of at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics -may appear simultaneously or at different times -may wax and wane in frequency -have persisted for more than one year -began prior to age 18
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Cluster C persistent preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control that severely limits the individual's flexibility, openness, and efficiency 4+ symptoms
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Opioid Withdrawal
3+ symptoms dysphoric mood; nausea or vomiting; muscle aches; lacrimation or rhinorrhea; pupillary dilation, piloerection, or sweating; diarrhea; yawning; fever; insomnia. flu-like symptoms
32
Conduct Disorder
persistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and/or age-appropriate social norms or rules 3+ symptoms in past 12 months & 1 in past 6 months -aggression to people and animals -destruction of property -deceitfulness or theft -serious violation of rules
33
Dopamine Hypothesis
Excess dopamine or hypersensitivity to dopamine cause Schizophrenia
34
MDD with Seasonal Pattern
loss of energy, hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, and a craving for carbohydrates
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Bipolar I Disorder
at least one manic episode that -lasts for at least one week -is present most of the day nearly every day -3+ symptoms Treatment usually includes lithium or an anti-seizure medication
36
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
(a) group skills training (b) individual outpatient therapy to strengthen clients' motivation and newly-acquired skills (c) telephone consultations to provide additional support and between-sessions coaching
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
Cluster B pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that has occurred since age 15 3+ symptoms must be at least 18 years old and have a history of Conduct Disorder before 15 years of age
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming ERP, tricyclic clomipramine or an SSRI
39
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Previously vaginismus sensate-focus therapy, dilators
40
Cyclothymic Disorder
multiple periods of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria and multiple episodes of depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria last 2+ years in adults, 1+ in children
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Major Depressive Disorder
5+ symptoms nearly everyday for at least two weeks, with at least one symptom being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
42
Behavioral Theory Of Depression (Lewinsohn)
attributes depression to a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement
43
Specific Phobia
Intense fear of or anxiety about a specific object or situation, with the individual either avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with marked distress fear or anxiety is not proportional to the danger posed by the object or situation persistent (typically lasting for at least six months)
44
Prognosis For Schizophrenia
good premorbid adjustment, an acute and late onset, female gender, the presence of a precipitating event, a brief duration of active-phase symptoms, insight into the illness, a family history of a mood disorder, and no family history of Schizophrenia
45
Delusional Disorder
one or more delusions that last at least one month Overall psychosocial functioning is not markedly impaired, and any impairment is directly related to the delusions erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, and unspecified
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Bipolar II Disorder
at least one hypomanic episode (4+ consecutive days and 3+ symptoms) at least one major depressive episode
47
Schizophreniform Disorder
identical to those for Schizophrenia except that the disturbance is present for at least one month but less than six months impaired social or occupational functioning may occur but is not required
48
Brief Psychotic Disorder
1+ of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior Symptoms present for at least one day but less than one month an eventual return to full premorbid functioning
49
Features of the DSM-5-TR
polythetic criteria - requires a client to present with only a subset of characteristics nonaxial assessment system - all mental and medical diagnoses are listed together, primary diagnosis listed first
50
Agoraphobia
presence of marked fear of or anxiety about at least two of five situations (using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, standing in line or being part of a crowd, and being outside the home alone)
51
Erectile Disorder
Difficulties with erectile rigidity, inability to obtain erection, inability to maintain erection happens every time attempted for 6 months
52
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities, which are relatively constant for at least six months 3+ symptoms
53
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
criteria for major or mild neurocognitive disorder are met, the clinical features are consistent with a vascular etiology stepwise, fluctuating course with a patchy pattern of symptoms that is determined by the location of the brain damage
54
Panic Disorder
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with at least one attack being followed by one month of persistent concern about having additional attacks CBT+exposure
55
Enuresis
repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes least twice a week for three or more consecutive months. 5+ years old or the equivalent developmental level. The bell-and-pad (urine alarm) is the most common treatment.
56
Concordance Rates For Schizophrenia
.48 identical twins, .1 bio siblings
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Factitious Disorder
feigning, exaggeration, simulation, or induction falsify symptoms, present themselves to others as being ill or impaired, and engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an obvious external reward for doing so
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Prolonged Grief Disorder
intense yearning or longing for the deceased and preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased symptoms present most days to a clinically significant degree 1 yr after death for adults, 6 mo children
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster B pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy 5+ symptoms
60
Relapse Prevention Therapy (Marlatt And Gordon)
view addiction as an "overlearned maladaptive habit pattern" identifying circumstances that increase the risk for relapse and implementing strategies that help the client prevent and cope effectively with lapses
61
Treatment for Tobacco Use Disorder
(a) nicotine replacement therapy (b) multicomponent behavioral therapy that includes, for example, skills training, relapse prevention, stimulus control, and/or rapid smoking (c) support and assistance from a clinician
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Narcolepsy
attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep with lapses into sleep or daytime naps 3+ times per week and have been present for at least three months. requires episodes of cataplexy, a hypocretin deficiency, or a rapid eye movement latency less than or equal to 15 minutes.
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster A (a) pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships (b) eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior
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Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders
Involves recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening that usually occur during the first third of the major sleep episode accompanied by sleepwalking and/or sleep terror individual has limited or no recall of an episode upon awakening
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ADHD
6+ inattention and/or 6+ hyperactivity-impulsivity onset prior to 12 years of age present in at least two settings 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet the full diagnostic criteria for the disorder as young adults
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
recurrent pattern of an angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness 4+ symptoms with at least one person who is not a sibling
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Intellectual Developmental Disorder
(a) deficits in intellectual functions (b) deficits in adaptive functioning (c) an onset of deficits during the developmental period
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Insomnia Disorder
-at least three nights each week -has been present for at least three months -occurs despite sufficient opportunities for sleep
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Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
prev conversion disorder disturbances in voluntary motor or sensory functioning suggest a serious neurological or other medical condition with evidence of an incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions
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Dissociative Amnesia
localized - all events in a time period selective - some events in a time period generalized - entire life continuous - events after a certain time systematized - certain category of info local & select most common
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Gender Dysphoria
Children - marked incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced or expressed gender (5+ symptoms) Adults - marked incongruence between assigned gender and experienced or expressed gender (2+ symptoms)
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Schizophrenia
two active phase symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms) for at least one month one symptom being delusions, hallucination, or disorganized speech continuous signs of the disorder for at least six months
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ASD
(a) persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts (b) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities as (c) the presence of symptoms during the early developmental period best outcomes - ability to communicate by 5-6, an IQ over 70, and a later onset of symptoms
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
depressed mood (or in children and adolescents, a depressed or irritable mood) on most days for at least two years in adults or one year in children/adolescents not been symptom-free for more than two months
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PTSD
-presence of at least one intrusion symptom related to the event -Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the event -negative changes in cognition or mood -marked change in arousal and reactivity associated with the event 1+ month
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Major Depressive Disorder with Peripartum Onset
onset of symptoms is during pregnancy or within four weeks following delivery may include anxiety and a preoccupation with the infant's well-being or, in extreme cases, delusional thoughts about the infant
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures (3+ symptoms) 4+ weeks in kids, 6+ months in adults
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Paraphilic Disorders
intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners risk of harm
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Premature Ejaculation
persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation during partnered sexual activity within about one minute of penetration or before the person desires it 6+ months, be experienced on all or almost all occasions of sexual activity start-stop or squeeze techniques
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