Ferrets Flashcards

Question

How many teeth do ferrets have?

Answer 1

Ferrets have 28–30 deciduous teeth, as the second mandibular molars may be congenitally absent in some animals. Supernumerary teeth may also be found on occasion between the first and second maxillary incisors.

Answer 2

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 3

Nausea, possibly foreign body

Answer 4

Salivary gland microliths may be seen in the parotid glands of ferrets and are not usually associated with inflammation or ductal obstruction, although focal acinar cell degeneration may be present. Microliths in ferrets are less calcified compared with those occurring in cats or humans and may induce less local irritation because of this.

Answer 5

Mucoceles are rarely reported and are thought to occur secondary to trauma. They may result in concurrent periorbital swelling, exophthalmos, and prolapse of the third eyelid or soft, fluctuant cervical swellings, depending upon which gland is involved.

Answer 6

Unknown. More common causes of acquired megaesophagus include myasthenia gravis, intrathoracic esophageal or mediastinal obstruction (e.g., thymoma, mediastinal lymphosarcoma, esophageal foreign body), lead intoxication, tetanus, botulism, and hypoadrenocorticism.

Answer 7

Stasis of ingesta within the dilated esophagus may induce a mild suppurative esophagitis with focal erosions or ulcerations along the length of the esophagus, and secondary aspiration may occur resulting in a necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia of varying severity.

Answer 8

Myasthenia gravis has been documented in a young adult pet ferret presenting with flaccid tetraparesis and mild megaesophagus. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors.

Answer 9

Common causes for vomiting include Helicobacter mustelae infection, gastric ulceration from other causes, such as adverse stress or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, foreign body ingestion, gastric tumors, hepatic disease, or various enteric conditions, including enteric or systemic coronavirus infection and inflammatory bowel disease.

Answer 10

Helicobacter mustelae

Answer 11

Asymptomatic. Other clinical signs include bruxism, vomiting, melena, pallor, inappetence, abdominal tenderness, and weight loss. Infections may be longstanding but remain undetected until comorbidities, adverse stress, tumors, treatment with ulcerogenic therapeutics, or other conditions induce overt disease.

Answer 12

The pathology associated with Helicobacter infection is variable and dependent on the chronicity of infection, including gastroesophageal reflux, chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal erosion and ulceration with or without perforation, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphosarcoma (MALT lymphosarcoma).

Answer 13

H. mustelae with secondary gastric MALT (may be markedly expanded in chronic cases and there may be concurrent hyperplasia and reactivity of the gastric lymph node); primary lymphoma; gi foreign body

Answer 14

Visualization of bacteria within the gastric glands or superficial mucus can be enhanced with a Warthin-Starry stain.

Answer 15

The pylorus is the most common site and masses are characterized by nests of proliferating but well differentiated glandular epithelial cells with mild atypia and few mitoses, and marked dissecting fibrosis within a background of chronic lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Tumors may extend into the underlying submucosa and bacteria may be present within areas of inflammation.

Answer 16

As in humans infected with H. pylori, chronic infection with H. mustelae may result in B-cell lymphosarcomas of the gastric MALT, characterized by clonal expansion of neoplastic lymphocytes within the mucosa and submucosa with marked thickening and replacement of glandular cells and disruption of normal architecture.

Answer 17

Gastric MALT, gastric adenocarcinoma, B-cell lymphosarcoma

Answer 18

Microscopic identification of short argyrophilic rods within gastric pits associated with antral or pyloric lymphoplasmacytic inflammation is highly consistent with H. mustelae infection.

Answer 19

While ferrets can be cured of H. mustelae infection, they may become reinfected if exposed to Helicobacter-positive animals. This is particularly true for younger animals. Hence, all animals in a group-housed setting should be treated at the same time to completely eradicate the agent. New ferrets should be quarantined, tested for Helicobacter infection, and treated, if positive, prior to direct contact with a stable Helicobacter-negative group or colony.

Answer 20

Gastric bloat with sudden death has been reported in black-footed ferrets in zoo settings. The condition is correlated with overeating resulting in secondary Clostridium perfringens type A overgrowth, elaboration of α toxin, and fatal enterotoxemia. Animals presented with marked gastric distension and dyspnea and died peracutely. Microscopic examination of gastric sections indicated acute mucosal erosion of the stomach and proximal small intestine with abundant Gram-positive bacilli blanketing the necrotic epithelium.

Answer 21

Gastric ulcers are also commonly found in ferrets negative for Helicobacter mustelae infection. Ulcers may occur spontaneously in animals experiencing stress secondary to systemic disease, management changes, or other factors.

Answer 22

Group 1 coronavirus

Answer 23

FSCV may be associated with a progressive, fatal, systemic pyogranulomatous peritonitis and perivasculitis in ferrets. This FIP-like syndrome is now recognized as ferret systemic coronavirus-associated disease after positive identification by immunohistochemical labeling of intralesional macrophages for coronaviral particles and sequence analysis of the isolated virus. FRSCV-associated disease is typically seen in young adult ferrets and is almost invariably fatal.

Answer 24

One study from Japan examining the prevalence of virus using PCR analysis of fecal samples from 79 pet ferrets determined that 56% of samples were positive.

Answer 25

ECE is characterized by a foul-smelling, bright green, mucoid diarrhea in association with lethargy, dehydration, and anorexia. ECE infection induces almost 100% morbidity but very low mortality. Clinical signs in juveniles are subclinical to mild, while adults are more severely affected. Despite this, the disease is often self-limiting with supportive care. Chronic malabsorptive clinical signs may persist or develop later in life in rare cases.

Answer 26

True. Ferrets with FIP-like disease may also present with similar signs of watery green diarrhea that progress to weight loss, severe anorexia and dehydration, depression, and eventually death, despite efforts at supportive care. Large, discrete abdominal masses and splenomegaly may be palpated in affected animals.

Answer 27

5 days to 2 weeks

Answer 28

Ferret systemic coronavirus

Answer 29

The primary differential diagnosis for mesenteric lymphadenopathy in a ferret is lymphosarcoma or ferret systemic coronavirus

Answer 30

Hematologic changes may include nonregenerative anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and thrombocytopenia. Coronavirus antigens can be detected within affected macrophages by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR assay for specific virus spike proteins is used to differentiate between FRECV and FRSCV variants. Coronaviral particles may also be visualized in feces or affected tissue of infected ferrets by transmission electron microscopy.

Answer 31

Aleutian disease, lymphosarcoma, chronic infection (e.g., proliferative colitis, helicobacteriosis), idiopathic splenomegaly, multiple myeloma, other neoplasms, and inflammatory bowel disease. For lymph nodes alone: also consider mycobacteria.

Answer 32

There are seven serogroups of rotavirus (A–G) but only Group C rotavirus has been definitively diagnosed in juvenile ferrets, in association with an outbreak of enteritis in juvenile animals. Affected kits were a week old and were thin and dehydrated, with distended abdomens.

Answer 33

Differential diagnoses for enteritis of young kits include rotavirus, colibacillosis, and coccidiosis

Answer 34

B) Proliferative colitis (Lawsonia intracellularis). Animals with this condition are afebrile and generally maintain normal activity and eating patterns but have a persistent mucoid diarrhea. These ferrets may become dehydrated and lose body condition with time, and repeated tenesmus during defecation may result in rectal prolapse. Upon gross examination, the colon is turgid and thickened with a cobblestone appearance to the mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes may be enlarged. Full thickness colonic biopsies or tissue sections demonstrate marked mucosal epithelial hyperplasia with extension of convoluted mucosal glands into the submucosa, and a moderate, mixed, predominantly lymphoplasmacytic mucosal and submucosal infiltrate. Abundant short, slightly curved bacterial rods may be seen within the apical epithelial cytoplasm of affected colonic segments and visualization is enhanced with Warthin-Starry staining. Mesenteric lymph nodes are reactive, containing confluent lymphoid follicles and prominent germinal centers. The 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of the bacteria is consistent with Lawsonia intracellularis, which also induces proliferative enteropathy in hamsters, rabbits, and pigs. Lawsonia sp. do not appear to be highly contagious, such that only one or a few ferrets in a group or colony may be infected, and other co-factors may be required for infection to occur. The bacterium can only be grown on cell culture under specific conditions and gross and histologic findings are generally sufficient for a diagnosis. Some commercial porcine fecal PCR assays for Lawsonia intracellularis are cross-reactive for infected ferret tissues or feces, affording a definitive diagnosis.

Answer 35

C) Lawsonia intracellularis Full thickness colonic biopsies or tissue sections demonstrate marked mucosal epithelial hyperplasia with extension of convoluted mucosal glands into the submucosa, and a moderate, mixed, predominantly lymphoplasmacytic mucosal and submucosal infiltrate.

Answer 36

Abundant short, slightly curved bacterial rods may be seen within the apical epithelial cytoplasm of affected colonic segments and visualization is enhanced with Warthin-Starry staining.

Answer 37

Some commercial porcine fecal PCR assays for Lawsonia intracellularis are cross-reactive for infected ferret tissues or feces, affording a definitive diagnosis. Warthin-starry stain is a tissue stain and colonic biopsy is more invasive than fecal PCR.

Answer 38

False. Lawsonia sp. do not appear to be highly contagious, such that only one or a few ferrets in a group or colony may be infected, and other co-factors may be required for infection to occur.

Answer 39

C) coccidiosis

Answer 40

Lawsonia intracellularis (colonic mucosa), gastric MALT (gastric mucosa)

Answer 41

C) difficulty swallowing

Answer 42

Ferrets carry the organism in their oral cavity and can spread it through biting

Answer 43

lymphosarcoma, intestinal foreign body, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and proliferative enteropathy.

Answer 44

D) a+b E. Ictidea has been identified in ferrets but isn’t commonly implicated in disease

Answer 45

A) Eimeria furonis Case description word for word from a publication described in the pathology of small mammal pets textbook

Answer 46

Transmission is direct and outbreaks of coccidiosis with high morbidity and moderate mortality can be seen in animal shelters or under conditions of intensive ferret housing.

Answer 47

D) a+b Differential diagnoses include infection with rotavirus, coronavirus, and various bacteria.

Answer 48

E) A+b+c Lymphosarcoma may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, as well as within mesenteric lymph nodes. Other forms of intestinal neoplasia are uncommon in ferrets. Intestinal and rectal adenocarcinomas have been identified in rare cases, as well as leiomyosarcomas of the large intestine and rectum. Perirectal/perineal hemangiosarcoma has been reported in a 4-year-old ferret. This animal had numerous cutaneous metastases as well as neoplastic masses in the omentum and sacral lymph node. Colonic polyps have also been described.

Answer 49

slender, curved, argyrophilic and Gram-negative bacterial rod

Answer 50

self-limiting mucoid or blood-tinged diarrhea in young ferrets. Animals may be persistently infected with lifelong episodic bouts of diarrhea occurring under conditions of stress or with intercurrent disease.

Answer 51

1) Darkfield microscopy identification of characteristic motile rods from fresh feces 2) culture of feces or tissue under selective conditions C) using 16S ribosomal DNA analysis

Answer 52

Salmonella typhimurium. Common in ferrets fed raw meat diets that were improperly handled. Microscopic findings include a necrohemorrhagic enteritis with mixed leukocytic mucosal and submucosal infiltrates and multifocal hepatic and splenic necrosis.

Answer 53

Unlikely as disease is generally asymptomatic and self-limiting. However, an outbreak did occur at the WA state ferret rescue. Transmission occurs by direct consumption of sporulated oocysts and confirmation of infection is made by identifying of characteristic trophozoites within the brush border of enterocytes in tissue sections or within feces.

Answer 54

Giardia intestinalis Dogs or cats may act as potential reservoirs.

Answer 55

The above description is from a ferret with Candida tropicalis infection, described in the pathology of small mammal pets text.

Answer 56

There are generally six lobes to the ferret liver (left and right medial and lateral lobes, caudate, and quadrate). The relative liver to body weight ratio of 0.43 for adult ferrets is high compared with other small mammal pets and companion animals.

Answer 57

Because of skin and eye pigmentation, icterus may only be visible within the oral cavity, on the nose plenum or deep within the external ear or nares.

Answer 58

Clinical signs of hepatic disease are nonspecific and include lethargy, anorexia, and intermittent vomiting, and diarrhea with or without pyrexia. Icterus may be seen in severe cases.

Answer 59

Helicobacter cholecystus has been isolated as an agent of hepatitis in a ferret colony; infection with this agent is otherwise uncommon. Note: Multifocal hepatic necrosis, in addition to cholangiohepatitis, can be seen with almost any bacterial agent inducing septicemia in ferrets, including Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas sp., Mycobacterium spp., Escherichia coli, and Aeromonas sp.

Answer 60

Hepatic coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, canine distemper virus, influenza virus, Aleutian disease, and coronavirus may induce foci of hepatic necrosis and inflammation.

Answer 61

Currently no clinical relevance. This organism has not been correlated with hepatic disease to date. Furthermore, the ferret virus was not transmissible to either rats or monkeys, suggesting that it is unlikely to be zoonotic.

Answer 62

A genetic mutation in hepatic copper transport or storage mechanisms is considered the most likely underlying etiology. Chronic hepatopathy, with periportal mononuclear leukocytic infiltrates, generalized fibrosis, scattered hepatocyte necrosis, and hepatic cord atrophy, was reported in two adult female ferrets from the same litter. Copper deposition was noted within hepatocytes and macrophages in both animals and one ferret additionally had hemoglobinuric nephrosis, likely secondary to intravascular hemolysis from copper intoxication. The mean liver copper levels in the two affected ferrets were ≥⃒ 200 ppm (normal reference range 7–66 ppm).

Answer 63

nodular hyperplasia, hepatic adenomas, and hepatocellular carcinomas; in one animal, peliosis hepatis was noted in conjunction with hepatocellular carcinoma. Primary hepatic hemangiosarcoma is seen infrequently in adult ferrets whereas lymphosarcoma with hepatic involvement is common.

Answer 64

Hepatic cysts are common in domestic ferrets while biliary cysts and cystadenomas are common in black-footed ferrets. Cystic mucinous hyperplasia of the gall bladder with consequent hepatomegaly and icterus have been reported in an 8-year-old ferret.

Answer 65

Copper intoxication, hepatic torsion, adrenohepatic fusion (common incidental finding), Acetaminophen intoxication, ruptured gall bladder, Intra- and extrahepatic cholelithiasis

Answer 66

Glucuronidation of acetaminophen is slow in ferrets, similar to cats No changes in hepatic or adrenal gland function are associated with the condition. Acetaminophen intoxication with resulting hepatic necrosis and death of the animal has been reported anecdotally in a pet ferret.

Answer 67

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A ruptured gall bladder was reported in a 6-year-old ferret presenting acutely for a painful abdomen. A cholecystectomy was conducted and a marked chronic lymphocytic cholehepatitis was diagnosed from surgical biopsies of the liver and resected. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated.

Answer 68

Seen in obese adult ferrets especially with diabetic cases

Answer 69

Exocrine pancreatic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are sporadic, aggressive tumors in ferrets and local seeding of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, or peritoneal cavity as well as pulmonary metastases often results. Animals can present with abdominal effusions as a sequela to carcinomatosis. In several cases, adult ferrets presented with clinical chemistry changes consistent with biliary obstruction (increased total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase) because of involvement and obstruction of the bile duct papilla in the duodenum. Neoplastic cells contain apical zymogen and may form rosettes.

Answer 70

Neoplastic cells contain apical zymogen and may form rosettes.

Answer 71

Rare. Mesotheliomas arise from the relatively undifferentiated mesothelial cells that line various body cavities, including the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium. These tumors are rare in ferrets and present grossly as generalized, small to miliary, soft white nodules scattered throughout the mesentery as well as lining the parietal surface of the coelomic wall.

Answer 72

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 73

Thromboembolic disease secondary to cardiomyopathy has not been reported in ferrets.

Answer 74

Only one or two adult worms are sufficient to induce sudden fatal cardiac insufficiency, particularly if they are located within the pulmonary artery or right ventricle. Right atrial or ventricular enlargement may occur with chronic infections, as well as ascites and pleural effusions. Microfilaria may be seen microscopically within pulmonary capillaries, in addition to pulmonary endarteritis, calcified adult worms, and generalized pulmonary edema.

Answer 75

Toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis and Aleutian disease may result in nonsuppurative myocarditis with myofiber degeneration, necrosis and localized myocardial necrosis. Characteristic Toxoplasma or Sarcocystis cysts may be found within myofibers of infected animals.

Answer 76

True. Idiopathic polymyositis and myofasciitis have been described in ferrets with involvement of cardiac muscle, in addition to skeletal and smooth muscle (see Section 2.5.1). Affected animals present with lethargy, weakness, pain, and fever, and patchy white streaking is seen on the heart and within other muscle tissues at post-mortem. Moderate to severe pyogranulomatous myocarditis can be seen with loss of cross-striations and eventual fibrosis. There is no known cause or treatment and the condition is invariably fatal.

Answer 77

Primary cardiac tumors are not reported in ferrets, although thoracic lymphosarcoma is common. Affected animals may be dyspneic and present with pleural effusion.

Answer 78

Mitral or aortic valvular endocardiosis, Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and tetralogy of Fallot; heart blocks Mitral or aortic valvular endocardiosis is common in ferrets and presents clinically as valvular regurgitation with echocardiography. Nodular thickening of valve leaflets is seen at post-mortem in addition to atrial dilatation. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis has been reported in one 4-year-old ferret with aortic valvular endocardiosis. Although rare in ferrets, congenital heart lesions have been described and include atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and tetralogy of Fallot (characterized by nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis, and secondary right ventricular hypertrophy). Abnormalities may be subclinical and go undetected for a year or more until animals present for surgery or other medical procedures. Common presenting signs include abdominal distension from ascites and muscle wasting.

Answer 79

No. Unlike some other small mammal species, the urethral orifice of female ferrets exits just cranial to the clitoral fossa within the vaginal vestibule, such that there is a single external orifice.

Answer 80

The uterine body is very short in the jill, with long horns. Males have an os penis that lies dorsal to the urethra and the distal end is J-shaped, curving dorsally. The only accessory sex gland in male ferrets is the prostate gland, which is inconspicuous in neutered ferrets.

Answer 81

One - the prostate

Answer 82

Ferrets with renal disease often exhibit elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Serum creatinine is considered a less sensitive parameter for evaluating renal function in ferrets, compared with cats and dogs, and may show only mild elevations or remain within normal reference values in ferrets with kidney problems.

Answer 83

Congenital renal tubular cysts, either singular or multiple, occur in 10–15% of ferrets, and are often incidental in nature, being identified during ultrasound or routine post mortem examination. Cortical cysts may be up to 1 cm in diameter and clinically palpable. They are generally thin-walled, fluid-filled, and bulge from the capsular surface. Microscopically, cysts are lined by simple flattened to cuboidal epithelium, and are usually found within the cortex. Pericyst fibrosis is variable, ranging from none to moderate interstitial fibrosis with nonsuppurative inflammation and scattered tubular degeneration.

Answer 84

Rodents Primary cystitis and pyelonephritis are less common in neutered pet ferrets compared with rabbits and rodents. If ferrets develop cystitis, Jills are more susceptible because of their shorter urethra. In sporadic cases, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp., or Proteus sp. may be cultured from urine or affected tissue of an animal with cystitis. Bacterial cystitis may also occur secondary to urolithiasis.

Answer 85

Male ferrets are 2.5 times more likely to develop uroliths than females because of their J-shaped os penis, which leads to narrowing of the distal urethra. “Uroliths occur sporadically and are more common in adult animals chronically fed poor quality diets.” Per the pathology of small mammal pets textbook

Answer 86

Ferrets fed a high-quality, high-protein diet will generally have a urine pH of 6.0–6.5.

Answer 87

Feeding ferrets low protein diets will make the urine pH alkaline, increasing their susceptibility to struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystal precipitation. Calcium oxalate and cystine uroliths can also occur, although they are much less common and the etiopathogenesis for these types of crystals is less clear.

Answer 88

A definitive cause has not been determined but a genetic link and a link to diets high in pea protein have both been proposed. Cystine precipitates in acidic urine, and as in humans and dogs, cystine urolithiasis is often familial. Clinically, animals may present with vocalization during urination, stranguria, urine dribbling and scalding, genital overgrooming, and hematuria. Bladder rupture may occur in cases of complete urethral obstruction. Single or multiple variably-sized calculi can occur anywhere along the urogenital tract, although less commonly in the ureters.

Answer 89

Chronic renal disease is common in middle-aged to aging ferrets. Kidneys may be pitted with capsular adhesions. In some cases, membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy is seen, consisting of thickening of Bowman's capsule and the mesangial tufts as well as hyalinization of glomerular capillary walls, scattered pyknosis of mesangial cell nuclei, and glomerular sclerosis. Mild lymphoplasmacytic interstitial inflammation and fibrosis with patchy tubular degeneration and regeneration may also be present, and may be accompanied by widespread tubular dilatation with attenuation of the epithelial lining and sloughing of pyknotic renal tubular epithelial cells. Eosinophilic proteinaceous material may be present within tubules, as well as mineralized debris. In other cases, the lesions are predominantly interstitial with mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and fibrosis.

Answer 90

Infection with Aleutian disease virus can result in multi-organ immune complex deposition and chronic membranous glomerulonephropathy. Parvovirus infection should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for chronic renal disease in adult ferrets. A definitive diagnosis can be made using counter-immunoelectrophoresis to detect viral antibodies or PCR assays of tissues or fecal swabs.

Answer 91

Primary renal neoplasms are rare in pet ferrets, with only sporadic reports of renal carcinoma and transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder. Renal tubular cell neoplasms, often with central osseous metaplasia, have been reported as a familial condition in captive black-footed ferrets.

Answer 92

Renal lymphosarcoma is not uncommon, and hemangiosarcoma has also been reported in the kidney.

Answer 93

Hydronephrosis and hydroureter are sporadic entities that may occur secondary to urethral obstruction, prostatic hypertrophy, paraurethral cysts or obstructive urolithiasis.

Answer 94

likely congenital and may have arisen from mesonephric or paramesonephric duct remnants. Large, single or multiple thin-walled cysts filled with clear fluid and adherent to the serosal surface of the urinary bladder and ureters have been found in both male and female adult ferrets. The cysts were palpable clinically as caudal abdominal masses and several animals presented with dysuria and hematuria. Cysts were lined with nonkeratinized flattened to cuboidal epithelium and epithelial erosions, ulceration and nonsuppurative inflammation were noted in the adjacent urinary bladder mucosa of several animals.

Answer 95

Ureteral rupture can be seen in cases of motor vehicle or blunt force trauma to the abdomen.

Answer 96

Female ferrets become sexually mature around 7 months of age, whereas males are mature at 8 months of age or older.

Answer 97

Long day seasonal breeders and jills are induced ovulators. Plasma estrogen levels become elevated in jills in estrus resulting in swelling and erythema of the vulva. Failure to ovulate, either by natural mating or mechanical stimulation of the cervix, can result in estrogen-induced bone marrow suppression

Answer 98

Ferret embryos implant approximately 12 days after successful mating and ovulation and the gestation period lasts for about 42 days.

Answer 99

Preweaning mortality may be as high as 20%, although it is usually less than 7% in well-managed colonies.

Answer 100

Congenital malformations are found in <1% of kits that die before weaning, primarily consisting of cranioschisis, palatoschisis, kinked tail, short tail, open eyes, and splay leg.

Answer 101

agalactia, poor mothering, cannibalism (if the jill is disturbed), diarrhea (induced by bacteria or rotavirus), and umbilical cord entangling. Parturition normally lasts only a few hours and any delays due to dystocia from fetal-maternal size mismatch or malpresentation may result in stillborn kits.

Answer 102

Pseudopregnancy or ovarian remnant. Clinical signs include a foul-smelling red-brown discharge, lethargy, depression, anorexia, and pyrexia. Grossly, the uterus is markedly enlarged, hyperemic, and filled with purulent exudate. Microscopically, endometrial glands are dilated and cystic, with sloughing of epithelial cells and moderate to marked neutrophilic infiltrates. Bacterial isolates from affected animals include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia and stump pyometras can occur in neutered jills if ovarian remnants are present. These animals are also at risk for developing estrogen-associated bone marrow suppression.

Answer 103

Ovariectomy after sexual maturity. Hydrometra is common in jills in parts of Europe in which animals undergo ovariectomy at sexual maturity but the uterus is left intact. The condition is thought to arise from ovarian remnants, estrogen signaling from ovarian-related neoplasms, or hormonal signaling from adrenal gland disease. Animals may present with alopecia and marked abdominal enlargement.

Answer 104

Metritis may occur after fetal abortion or if placentas are retained postpartum.

Answer 105

Ovarian remnants occur sporadically in North American ferrets, likely because of the technique used for ovariectomy in 6-week-old ferrets. Ovaries in very young animals may be freed during surgery by tearing the ovarian pedicles instead of clamping, ligating, and sectioning the pedicles, as is done in older animals. The former method may result in small pieces of ovarian tissue remaining in the animal.

Answer 106

Ovaries in very young animals (6wo) may be freed during surgery by tearing the ovarian pedicles instead of clamping, ligating, and sectioning the pedicles, as is done in older animals. The former method may result in small pieces of ovarian tissue remaining in the animal.

Answer 107

Anemia and other signs of bone marrow suppression/adrenal disease; ovarian tumors including thecoma, leiomyoma, teratoma, and granulosa cell tumor have also been reported. In general, signs of estrus and estrogen-related side effects occur earlier in jills with ovarian remnants (less than 2 years of age) than in jills with adrenal gland disease (more than 2 years of age).

Answer 108

Pregnancy toxemia can occur during the last quarter of gestation, more frequently in primiparous jills, and is initiated by a period of anorexia due to stress, poor nutritional management, dietary changes, or intercurrent illness.

Answer 109

Animals are often in shock when diagnosed, presenting comatose or with severe lethargy and depression, hypothermia, and dehydration. They may also die peracutely. The prognosis for the jill and kits is very poor, even with treatment for acidosis and caesarian section removal of the kits. The pathogenesis of the condition is the same as for ruminants or rabbits, with acidosis and accumulation of ketone bodies secondary to massive fatty acid mobilization. Grossly, the liver may be enlarged, pale, and greasy with marked macrovesiculation of hepatocytes noted microscopically.

Answer 110

Post-parturient hypocalcemia (milk fever) can occur in jills within 3–4 weeks after parturition. The condition is initiated by poor nutrition and animals may present with hind end paresis or convulsions. No gross or microscopic lesions may be present.

Answer 111

Adrenal gland disease and the resulting chronic increase in circulating sex steroid hormone levels may stimulate proliferation and hypertrophy of prostatic tissue in male ferrets, leading to accumulation of secretions, squamous metaplasia of the gland lining, and keratin production, eventually leading to cyst formation. Sludging of proteinaceous material within cysts can also lead to ascending bacterial infections, prostatitis, abscessation, chronic suppurative inflammation, and stromal fibrosis. As the prostate surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder and proximal urethra in the ferret, prostatic hyperplasia, with or without the development of prostatic cysts, may result in partial or complete urethral obstruction and dysuria or anuria. This is the leading cause of urethral obstruction in North American male ferrets. Affected animals may present with stranguria, urine dribbling, tenesmus, inappropriate genital grooming, and abdominal swelling. Cystic prostatic enlargement can also cause obstipation.

Answer 112

Prostatic hypertrophy secondary to adrenal disease. Affected animals may present with stranguria, urine dribbling, tenesmus, inappropriate genital grooming, and abdominal swelling. Cystic prostatic enlargement can also cause obstipation.

Answer 113

Testicular tumors are very uncommon, may involve a cryptorchid testicle, and include Sertoli and interstitial cell tumors, as well as seminomas. An intratesticular peripheral nerve sheath tumor has also been noted in a 6-year-old male ferret kept at a zoo.

Answer 114

True cryptorchidism is uncommon in male ferrets and reported to be seen in <0.75% of males. Ferret testes normally descend into the scrotum during fetal development, but if not, they should descend by no later than 6 months of age. Occasionally, one testicle may not have descended in a male kit by 6 weeks of age, the time that these kits are usually neutered in North America, and only one testicle will be removed during the surgery. Owners may notice a scrotal “swelling” as these animals become sexually mature, which will usually turn out to be a normal testicle. Sexually intact male ferrets will have a thicker neck and heavier coat than males that are castrated at six weeks of age.

Answer 115

Answer: external genitalia A cloaca-like congenital malformation was reported in a 2-month-old female ferret that was lacking external genitalia and a tail. Following euthanasia, a post-mortem examination demonstrated an intrapelvic structure into which the distal colon, uterus and urethra emptied. The right kidney was also misshapen.

Answer 116

systemic infection, hypoglycemia from a pancreatic islet cell tumor, toxin ingestion (e.g., lead or ibuprofen), hepatic or renal failure, cardiac disease and related hypoxia, anemia, trauma, or primary or secondary neoplasia with impingement of the brain or spinal cord.

Answer 117

Congenital malformations of the neural tube, including inencephaly, which consists of a defect in the back of the skull, a spinal column fissure and cervical retroflexion, have been reported in two litters of ferret kits. Kits had other congenital malformations, including anencephaly. The two litters were sired by the same male to different dams, suggesting a genetic defect in the male. Congenital peripheral vestibular syndrome was reported in a 3 month-old male ferret with a 2-month history of ataxia. The animal presented with a marked head tilt and was noted to have mild, bilateral asymmetry of the inner ear labyrinth and cochlea, based on MRI evaluation, as well as unilateral deafness. The animal was treated supportively and no pathology work-up was undertaken. Coat color-linked bilateral or unilateral congenital sensorineural deafness is reported in pet ferrets at a prevalence of up to 29%. Similar to other species, the condition is usually associated with a white or white-marked coat color (examples of the latter include panda, silver, blaze, and mitt), and prevalence is particularly high in animals with premature graying, although albino animals are usually unaffected. The condition is linked to dysfunction of or failure of neural crest melanocytes to migrate within the stria vascularis of the cochlea and can be tested for under general anesthesia via a brainstem auditory evoked response test. Albino animals are generally unaffected because they have melanocytes in the inner ear but the melanocytes are homozygous negative for the tyrosinase gene. This enzyme catalyzes several important steps needed for melanin synthesis, resulting in albinism. Because albinism is dominant over other coat colors, it can mask underlying white or white-marked coat colors resulting in deafness in sporadic albino ferrets.

Answer 118

Coat color-linked bilateral or unilateral congenital sensorineural deafness is reported in pet ferrets at a prevalence of up to 29%. Similar to other species, the condition is usually associated with a white or white-marked coat color (examples of the latter include panda, silver, blaze, and mitt), and prevalence is particularly high in animals with premature graying, although albino animals are usually unaffected. The condition is linked to dysfunction of or failure of neural crest melanocytes to migrate within the stria vascularis of the cochlea and can be tested for under general anesthesia via a brainstem auditory evoked response test. Albino animals are generally unaffected because they have melanocytes in the inner ear but the melanocytes are homozygous negative for the tyrosinase gene. This enzyme catalyzes several important steps needed for melanin synthesis, resulting in albinism. Because albinism is dominant over other coat colors, it can mask underlying white or white-marked coat colors resulting in deafness in sporadic albino ferrets.

Answer 119

Inencephaly, anencephaly, peripheral vestibular syndrome, and coat-color linked bilateral or unilateral sensineural deafness. Congenital malformations of the neural tube, including inencephaly, which consists of a defect in the back of the skull, a spinal column fissure and cervical retroflexion, have been reported in two litters of ferret kits. Kits had other congenital malformations, including anencephaly. The two litters were sired by the same male to different dams, suggesting a genetic defect in the male. Congenital peripheral vestibular syndrome was reported in a 3 month-old male ferret with a 2-month history of ataxia. The animal presented with a marked head tilt and was noted to have mild, bilateral asymmetry of the inner ear labyrinth and cochlea, based on MRI evaluation, as well as unilateral deafness. The animal was treated supportively and no pathology work-up was undertaken. Coat color-linked bilateral or unilateral congenital sensorineural deafness is reported in pet ferrets at a prevalence of up to 29%. Similar to other species, the condition is usually associated with a white or white-marked coat color (examples of the latter include panda, silver, blaze, and mitt), and prevalence is particularly high in animals with premature graying, although albino animals are usually unaffected. The condition is linked to dysfunction of or failure of neural crest melanocytes to migrate within the stria vascularis of the cochlea and can be tested for under general anesthesia via a brainstem auditory evoked response test. Albino animals are generally unaffected because they have melanocytes in the inner ear but the melanocytes are homozygous negative for the tyrosinase gene. This enzyme catalyzes several important steps needed for melanin synthesis, resulting in albinism. Because albinism is dominant over other coat colors, it can mask underlying white or white-marked coat colors resulting in deafness in sporadic albino ferrets.

Answer 120

Inencephaly, reported in two litters of ferrets with the same sire so a genetic cause suspected

Answer 121

C) 29% Coat color-linked bilateral or unilateral congenital sensorineural deafness is reported in pet ferrets at a prevalence of up to 29%. Similar to other species, the condition is usually associated with a white or white-marked coat color (examples of the latter include panda, silver, blaze, and mitt), and prevalence is particularly high in animals with premature graying, although albino animals are usually unaffected. The condition is linked to dysfunction of or failure of neural crest melanocytes to migrate within the stria vascularis of the cochlea and can be tested for under general anesthesia via a brainstem auditory evoked response test. Albino animals are generally unaffected because they have melanocytes in the inner ear but the melanocytes are homozygous negative for the tyrosinase gene. This enzyme catalyzes several important steps needed for melanin synthesis, resulting in albinism. Because albinism is dominant over other coat colors, it can mask underlying white or white-marked coat colors resulting in deafness in sporadic albino ferrets.

Answer 122

A white or white-marked coat color (examples of the latter include panda, silver, blaze, and mitt), and prevalence is particularly high in animals with premature graying, although albino animals are usually unaffected. Albino animals are generally unaffected because they have melanocytes in the inner ear but the melanocytes are homozygous negative for the tyrosinase gene. This enzyme catalyzes several important steps needed for melanin synthesis, resulting in albinism. Because albinism is dominant over other coat colors, it can mask underlying white or white-marked coat colors resulting in deafness in sporadic albino ferrets.

Answer 123

dysfunction of or failure of neural crest melanocytes to migrate within the stria vascularis of the cochlea. Albino animals are generally unaffected because they have melanocytes in the inner ear but the melanocytes are homozygous negative for the tyrosinase gene. This enzyme catalyzes several important steps needed for melanin synthesis, resulting in albinism. Because albinism is dominant over other coat colors, it can mask underlying white or white-marked coat colors resulting in deafness in sporadic albino ferrets.

Answer 124

brainstem auditory evoked response test under general anesthesia.

Answer 125

No. Some experimentally infected ferrets have recovered from rabies virus infection. Following inoculation with rabies virus, a subset of ferrets survived infection but had lasting paresis.

Answer 126

Clinical signs occur within one month post-exposure. Clinical signs of rabies in ferrets include ascending paralysis, ataxia, cachexia, bladder atony, pyrexia, hyperactivity, tremors, and paresthesia. Death usually ensues within four to five days after clinical signs of infection appear.

Answer 127

None. Histopathology may demonstrate multifocal areas of lymphocytic infiltrates with gliosis, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, edema, and neurodegeneration. Negri bodies (eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within affected neurons) can sometimes be seen in infected ferrets.

Answer 128

Direct fluorescence immunoassay on fresh or frozen brain is used by state and federal laboratories to confirm infection. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and virus isolation also may be used for viral detection.

Answer 129

Head trauma or other agents inducing central nervous system disease, such as canine distemper virus infection, Aleutian disease, lead intoxication, brain abscess, neoplasia, and cryptococcosis (all of which are more common than rabies virus infection in ferrets). A history of exposure to feral or other potentially rabid animals or outdoor housing may increase the diagnostic consideration of rabies.

Answer 130

Anaphylactic reactions to vaccination occur in <1% of ferrets receiving rabies vaccine, either alone or in combination with canine distemper virus vaccine. (Per Pathology of small mammal pets)

Answer 131

Central nervous system signs occur later in the course of infection, and include myoclonus, paresis, muscular tremors, hyperexcitability, convulsions, and coma. Viral inclusions bodies may be seen within neurons and glial cells, as well as within a variety of epithelial tissues.

Answer 132

Infection with Aleutian disease virus (a parvovirus) may result in tremors, ataxia, paresis, and convulsions. Affected ferrets may also demonstrate generalized lymphadenopathy, chronic wasting, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Brain and spinal cord lesions in infected ferrets are nonspecific and include lymphoplasmacytic meningitis, perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing, and focal cerebral malacia.

Answer 133

Tumors of the brain and spinal cord are very rare in ferrets with single reports of meningioma, astrocytoma, and glioma. Pituitary adenomas may be found occasionally in adult ferrets with adrenal gland disease and hyperadrenocorticism (these appear to not be gonadotroph adenomas). A large, white, expansile and compressive forebrain mass was noted in a ferret euthanized for seizures that were refractory to treatment. Histologically, the mass was composed of sheets of polygonal cells within a fine fibrovascular stroma and the center of the mass was necrotic. Neoplastic cells were large with a pale, finely granular cytoplasm and had eccentric small nuclei and mitoses were scant. A granular cell tumor was diagnosed based on the histopathology. A 6-year-old ferret presenting with a short history of progressive head tilt and ataxia was diagnosed with an obstructive choroid plexus papilloma arising from the fourth ventricle, which resulted in development of hydrocephalus. Microscopically, the mass consisted of well-differentiated neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in papillary fingers within a fine fibrovascular stroma. Many other nonneuronal neoplasias, including lymphosarcoma, chordoma of the vertebrae, plasma cell myeloma with vertebral erosion, osteoma, teratoma, and fibrosarcoma, may occur within the brain or spinal cord or within the skull or vertebrae of the ferret, resulting in impingement upon and necrosis of neural tissue. Clinical signs will depend upon the location of the neoplastic mass.

Answer 134

Clostridium botulinum type C endotoxin may induce profound ataxia, paresis, and salivation within 8–12 hours of ingestion, which can progress to flaccid paralysis and death. The cause is related to improper storage and handling of fresh meat diets leading to bacterial reproduction and toxin production and accumulation. There are no characteristic gross or microscopic signs in affected animals.

Answer 135

B) H5N1 Subclinical nonsuppurative encephalitis, lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffing, and focal cerebral hemorrhages have been reported in asymptomatic ferrets after experimental inoculation with H5N1 influenza virus variants.

Answer 136

Idiopathic neuronal vacuolation. No infectious agent was isolated from the brain of this animal.

Answer 137

isoflurane inhalant anesthesia has been demonstrated to induce splenic sequestration of erythrocytes in ferrets, significantly altering apparent values for red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels. It has a lesser effect on circulating white blood cell counts.

Answer 138

8.5% A serologic survey of ferrets in a club of ferret enthusiasts in the UK indicated 8.5% of animals were seropositive for AD antibodies.

Answer 139

AD virus infections in ferrets may be asymptomatic but animals may also show signs of lethargy, depression, anorexia, melena, and chronic weight loss that progress in severity over time. Depending on the body systems affected, posterior paresis with urine soiling, tremors, and convulsions may also be seen. Animals initially mount an ineffective humoral response to the virus and may demonstrate hypergammaglobulinemia.

Answer 140

No classic gross findings. Gross necropsy findings are nonspecific and include splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy. Multi-organ lymphoplasmacytic or plasmacytic infiltrates may be seen microscopically, including within the renal interstitium and splenic red pulp, surrounding portal triads in the liver, within the medulla of lymph nodes, and in the bone marrow. Within the brain and spinal cord there may be perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing, focal to locally extensive malacia and astrocytosis, and mild nonsuppurative meningitis. Deposition of immune complexes within tissues can result in membranous glomerulonephropathy and multi-organ vasculitis.

Answer 141

Counter-immunoelectrophoresis is a simple and rapid assay commonly used in suspect cases of AD to determine ferret antibody levels. PCR assays also exist to directly detect viral nucleic acids, however, the routine availability of these assays in diagnostic laboratories is limited.

Answer 142

There are many other conditions of ferrets that can cause signs of ataxia, anorexia, and incoordination, as well as chronic wasting disease, including gastrointestinal ulcers, proliferative enteritis, cardiomyopathy, bacterial enteritis, lymphosarcoma, multiple myeloma, anemia of any cause, ferret coronavirus infection, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Canine distemper virus also results in fatal nonsuppurative encephalitis, however, the disease time course is shorter than typically seen for AD. Posterior paresis with urine soiling may occur with intervertebral disk disease, vertebral fractures, and tumors of the vertebral column or spinal cord.

Answer 143

No treatment or preventative available. AD virus is shed in the saliva, urine, and feces and transmission occurs directly by respiratory droplets. Asymptomatic infected ferrets can shed virus into the environment for many months.

Answer 144

lymphosarcoma, adrenal gland tumors, hyperestrogenism, pancreatic islet cell tumors, gastric ulcers, chronic systemic inflammation or infection, or hepatic or renal disease.

Answer 145

intact jills that experience prolonged estrus, neutered jills with ovarian remnants, and male and female ferrets with adrenal gland disease. Hyperestrogenism or estrogen-induced bone marrow toxicity is an important cause of pancytopenia in these animals. Nonregenerative anemia occurs in these animals because of severe estrogen-induced bone marrow suppression and increased blood loss from thrombocytopenia. Untreated animals may die from hemorrhage. Clinically, ferrets with hyperestrogenism may present with a swollen and erythematous vulva, pallor, alopecia, petechiation, hematuria, and melena. Bone marrow evaluation will demonstrate severe depletion of all cell types.

Answer 146

The condition is likely acquired and is thought to be due to antibody-mediated targeting of erythrocytes or their precursors or erythropoietin. Pure red cell aplasia should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for aplastic anemia, when more common causes have been ruled out.

Answer 147

Extramedullary hematopoiesis, lymphosarcoma and other neoplasias such as hemangiosarcoma, chronic infections, and cardiomyopathy. In the vast majority of cases, splenic enlargement is caused by increased extramedullary hematopoiesis, which results in diffuse enlargement of the spleen and marked expansion of the red pulp, with high mitotic rates and proliferation of all cell types, including erythroid, myeloid, and platelet precursors. There are no accompanying changes in peripheral blood cell counts. Nodular splenic enlargement can occur with chronic mycotic infections and neoplasias, and other lymph nodes may be enlarged with these conditions. Enlarged spleens are friable and prone to rupture, and rarely, torsion. Affected animals may present with hemoabdomen and microscopically, multifocal areas of coagulation necrosis surrounded by neutrophilic infiltrates and granulation tissue may be present in the spleen.

Answer 148

Lymphosarcoma; 15% Per pathology of small mammal pets (Other textbooks argue insulinoma and adrenal disease are more common at 20-25% each) All texts agree it is in the top 3

Answer 149

Traditionally, lymphoid tumors have been supposed to arise spontaneously in ferrets, however, clusters of lymphosarcoma in multiferret households and experimental horizontal transmission of lymphosarcoma in ferrets have suggested that an infectious agent, possibly a type C retrovirus, may be responsible for tumor initiation.

Answer 150

B) lymphosarcoma Clinical signs of lymphosarcoma include anorexia, chronic weight loss, splenomegaly, and internal and peripheral lymphadenopathy. A marked lymphocytosis may be seen on the complete blood count and differential, and anemia and thrombocytopenia may also be present. Elevated serum calcium levels can be seen in some ferrets with lymphosarcoma, similar to hypercalcemia of malignancy seen in other species.

Answer 151

Poor, <2 months. Juvenile lymphosarcoma in ferrets has an acute onset and is rapidly progressive with a mean survival time of less than two months. It is multicentric and lymphoblastic in nature, and may involve the kidneys, spleen, liver, lung, and thymus, leading to dyspnea and pleural effusion, which may be misdiagnosed as respiratory or cardiac disease. In rare cases, only the spleen may be involved. Microscopically, there is effacement of the normal architecture of affected tissues by a monomorphic population of large lymphocytes with both cleaved and noncleaved nuclei. Nuclei are round to oval, cytoplasmic borders are distinct and the mitotic rate is high (>6–8/high power field). Smaller numbers of well differentiated lymphocytes may be present within infiltrates. Immunophenotyping with anti-human CD3 polyclonal antibodies indicates that the majority of these tumors are of T cell origin. Animals in terminal stages of the disease may have a lymphocytic leukemia.

Answer 152

B) chronic The adult form is usually chronic in nature, affecting animals older than 3 years of age and clinical signs may wax and wane over the course of months. These animals often are lymphopenic and anemic, and present with peripheral lymphadenopathy with later spread to visceral organs (Figure 2.33). Involvement of vertebral bone marrow may result in paresis following bony fracture and extension into the vertebral canal. Microscopically, infiltrates consist of well-differentiated neoplastic lymphocytes with noncleaved nuclei and modest mitotic rates.

Answer 153

Epitheliotropic lymphoma, retroorbital lymphoma, immunoblastic polymorphous lymphoma, and gastric MALT lymphoma are also seen in ferrets. Ferrets with immunoblastic polymorphous lymphoma are older than 2 years of age and small to large polymorphic lymphocytes are present, many with bizarre nuclei. Epitheliotropic lymphoma is of T cell origin and presents as single or multiple, sometimes hairless, pruritic cutaneous plaques anywhere on the body, including the prepuce and toes. Retroorbital lymphoma may present in adult ferrets as exophthalmos and exposure keratitis in addition to the presence of peripheral lymphadenopathy. Rare cases of gastric MALT lymphosarcoma have been correlated with chronic Helicobacter mustelae infection in ferrets. In these animals, only the gastric wall and one or two local lymph nodes are involved.

Answer 154

False: There is poor correlation between classification of lymphosarcomas diagnosed by fine needle aspirate versus histopathology, and surgical biopsy is the preferred diagnostic method.

Answer 155

Lymphosarcoma or thymoma.

Answer 156

Both C. gattii and C. neoformans have been associated with chronic lymphadenopathy and multi-organ granulomas in pet ferrets.

Answer 157

C) hot and arid Cryptococcus spp. is a dimorphic fungus found in the environment, more commonly in hot, arid climates.

Answer 158

infection of humans and animals is typically acquired through inhalation of yeast-like forms.

Answer 159

Granulomatous lesions within the spleen and lymph node may demonstrate numerous macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, and lesser numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Within the granulomas, numerous fungal organisms (5 to 10 um in diameter) are present with a PAS-positive thick capsule that appears as a clear halo around the organism in hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections.

Answer 160

Histopath: numerous fungal organisms (5 to 10 um in diameter) are present with a PAS-positive thick capsule that appears as a clear halo around the organism in hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. A latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination assay can also be used to detect polysaccharide capsular antigen.

Answer 161

To detect polysaccharide capsular antigen.

Answer 162

Mycobacterium celatum has been diagnosed as a cause of chronic splenitis in several pet ferrets presenting with chronic weight loss and malaise. Numerous Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli were visualized within macrophages and granulomatous lesions within the spleen. Definitive diagnosis requires 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The source of mycobacterial exposure remained obscure in all cases. This agent is zoonotic to humans and has been diagnosed in people with overt immunosuppression.

Answer 163

Definitive diagnosis requires 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Numerous Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli were visualized within macrophages and granulomatous lesions within the spleen.

Answer 164

Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia occurred in ferrets treated topically within the oral cavity to facilitate endotracheal intubation. P-aminobenzoic acid, a benzocaine metabolite, induces the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. If methemoglobin is present in significant concentrations, the oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes is reduced. Lidocaine is not associated with methemoglobinemia in clinically relevant doses.

Answer 165

Splenosis is an acquired condition in which splenic tissue embeds within the abdominal cavity, usually following splenic rupture. It is often asymptomatic but in one case, presented as a large torsed abdominal mass in a young adult ferret with acute abdominal pain and ambulatory weakness.

Answer 166

Accessory spleens are congenital lesions arising from incomplete fusion of the splenic anlage during embryogenesis. These may be found on the tail of the pancreas, splenic hilum, and within the mesentery.

Answer 167

Ferrets have two lacrimal glands, one located dorsolaterally and the other within the nictitating membrane.

Answer 168

True. Ferrets have a holangiotic retinal vascular pattern and a well-developed retrobulbar venous plexus, which can bleed extensively during enucleation surgery.

Answer 169

Staphylococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. have been isolated from the lid margins and conjunctival sacs of healthy ferrets and may be part of the normal eye flora.

Answer 170

Albino ferrets lack tyrosinase, which is critical for melanin synthesis in the retinal pigmented epithelium. Lack of melanin within the retina leads to alterations in fetal retinal development and function with the end result being that these ferrets have motion detection defects compared with pigmented ferrets, and may also have hearing deficits.

Answer 171

Other than cataracts and corneal ulcers, ocular lesions are not commonly reported in ferrets.

Answer 172

Neonatal conjunctivitis can be seen in kits up to three weeks of age. Kits present with an accumulation of purulent material within the conjunctival sac, which presents as bulging eyelids, since the eyes are still closed at that time. Several different bacterial agents have been cultured from affected kits, including E. coli originating from a dam with mastitis. The etiopathogenesis of this condition is unknown but thought to be due to environmental exposure and contamination.

Answer 173

Conjunctivitis in older ferrets can be caused by a number of different infectious agents, including canine distemper virus, influenza virus, Mycobacterium spp., and Salmonella spp. Other systemic signs of disease and accompanying pathology should be used to assist with the diagnosis in these cases.

Answer 174

There is a single report of squamous cell carcinoma in the eyelids of a ferret.

Answer 175

Congenital corneal dermoid is seen sporadically in young ferrets and is microscopically similar to the same condition in dogs.

Answer 176

Pyogranulomatous panophthmalitis has been reported in a young adult ferret with a systemic coronavirus infection. In addition to depression and behavioral changes, a unilateral corneal opacity was detected at presentation, which was later correlated to marked infiltrates of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells within the ciliary body and cornea. Virus presence was confirmed with immunohistochemistry.

Answer 177

Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (persistent fetal ocular circulation). This condition is due to an autosomal dominant genetic mutation.

Answer 178

systemic infection with Cryptococcus sp.

Answer 179

lymphosarcoma, “other retrobulbar tumors”, zygomatic salivary gland mucocele.

Answer 180

1) 186 days 2) 456 days 3) 668 days

Answer 181

4.3% BW; larger % than dogs (dogs are 3.1% BW)

Answer 182

6; L. Lateral Largest

Answer 183

Between the quadrate and R medial liver lobes

Answer 184

3 - the right, central, and left; these join the gallbladder duct to form the common bile duct

Answer 185

Portal vein and hepatic artery

Answer 186

Pyloric and jejunal

Answer 187

Jejunum and ileum cannot be differentiated grossly

Answer 188

3 cm aboard to the pylorus

Answer 189

2.5-3cm long

Answer 190

Intradermal

Answer 191

10.6-21.9% per Bennett

Answer 192

The adrenolumbar vessels medially and laterally to the gland

Answer 193

The hepatorenal ligament connecting the caudate lobe to the cranial pole of the right kidney

Answer 194

Neonatal satinsky or Cooley clamps

Answer 195

5-0 to 7-0 suture

Answer 196

30% will develop renal failure if acutely ligate due to acute caval hypertension If you use an ameroid constrictor, second surgery often has lots of granulation tissue so still has a 25% mortality rate.

Answer 197

Cryosurgery - studies show increase in mortality

Answer 198

14.3% - symptoms resolved with medical management

Answer 199

Insulinoma (21.9% of population) - 7% metastasis rate

Answer 200

186 days, 456 days, and 668 days (respectively) Basically ~6-24mo survival time post diagnosis, with longer survival time linked to surgical interventions

Answer 201

Gastric submucosa

Answer 202

Zygomatic, secondary to trauma

Answer 203

Drainage and omentalization following sample collection of fluid for culture/analysis

Answer 204

1 cm central to the anus as it is wide and superficial in this location

Answer 205

At the 4oclock and 8oclock locations on the anus

Answer 206

Abdominal approach - incise through diaphragm, insert leads into the pericardial sac, anchor lines to muscles of diaphragm/body wall, and leave the pacemaker free floating in abdomen

Answer 207

In the jugular vein using 4F catheter (prone to clot obstruction)

Answer 208

70% survival rate for at least 5 years (I call bull, but reported in Bennett, referenced Swiderski et Al 2008)

Answer 209

5-10mm margins

Answer 210

Basal cell tumors; surgical excision is generally curative

Answer 211

230-350 bpm (higher in females than males)

Answer 212

140-164mmHg systolic (under anesthesia)

Answer 213

Ectopic glomeruli Intrarenal artery walls are thicker than other lab animals Innervates by a single nerve (the direct renal nerve)

Answer 214

28-34 days

Answer 215

Normal range is lower than other carnivores, range of normal values is narrower, and may not increase as quickly/significantly as BUN

Answer 216

1.042-1.051 Higher for males than females

Answer 217

Thoracic width at the 8th thoracic vertebra should be approximately 1.9x greater than the short axis width of the heart on the DV view. If the ratio is lower, this indicates an enlarged heart, and if higher, indicates a smaller heart (or dilated thoracic cavity)

Answer 218

First 30 days of its life

Answer 219

133-161mmHg (conscious)

Answer 220

40-60 mL (males more than females)

Answer 221

5.31 +/- 1.32 mm/min

Answer 222

Exceeding 90%

Answer 223

C) - dams develop strong immunity that protect subsequent litters

Answer 224

Eimeria furonis

Answer 225

Incise the natural suture line between the eyelids and flush exudate from the eye with sterile saline followed by treatment with broad spectrum ophthalmic antibiotic ointments

Answer 226

Either 20% chicken egg yolk or 20% puréed strained beef liver

Answer 227

95% had malocclusion of the mandibular second incisor

Answer 228

32%, canines; 60% with pulp exposure

Answer 229

2.3-3cm x 1.2-1.35cmx1.1-1.35 cm (lxwxh)

Answer 230

Vaccine site fibrosarcomas (8 reports)

Answer 231

22g to avoid hemolysis

Answer 232

BV donor (mL) = BV recipient (mL) x pcv(post)-pcv(pre)/pcv(donor)

Answer 233

Hemolysis, hypotension, fever, urticaria, or vomiting

Answer 234

Shave skin over the coxofemoral joint, aseptic prep, then stab incision over the greater trochanter with a #15 blade; insert 20g 1.5” spinal needle is inserted and advanced, then a 10mL syringe is used to vigorously aspirate a bone marrow sample. Alternatively can obtain a core sample using an 18g needle

Answer 235

A 1 second spray produced methemoglobinemia in multiple ferrets. Lidocaine containing gels or sprays are ok.

Answer 236

8f catheter passed down the ER tube, flush 2ml sterile saline, then aspirate out

Answer 237

Urease Ferrets can be screened for H. Mustelae infection with a urea breath test (no clinical relevance, only for lab animals)

Answer 238

3.5F red rubber or 3F slippery Sam

Answer 239

Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna) or L5/L6 space using a 25g spinal needle. Cisterna magna produces higher volume

Answer 240

1.5-2.5 hrs

Answer 241

Sternal recumbency, hind legs in hip flexion; line drawn between the two cranial-most extremities of the iliac wings and another drawn along midline. A 22g spinal needle or 25g hypodermic needle is inserted at the intersection just caudal to the caudalmost lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 242

Insulinoma (21.7-25%) and adrenal disease (up to 25%)

Answer 243

>50% Only 14-15% are cured long term with surgery

Answer 244

84% sensitivity

Answer 245

Mediastinal, T

Answer 246

Mediastinal lymphoma, T cell leukemia

Answer 247

Nonspecific wasting disease and indolent progression, although there are many variable presentations possible.

Answer 248

Opportunistic infections, and neoplasms of other types

Answer 249

Mild anemia (found in 2/3 of cases)

Answer 250

When the spleen takes up more than 50% of the abdominal cavity, or it FNA is suggestive of lymphoma

Answer 251

Aleutian disease (parvovirus) AD does not affect bone marrow or bone which helps differentiate the two

Answer 252

If the hematocrit drops suddenly below 15% or more gradually below 12%

Answer 253

Mediastinal lymphoma

Answer 254

Myofasciitis

Answer 255

Hypersplenism

Answer 256

If pcv is <15% prognosis is guarded to poor and multiple blood transfusions will be required

Answer 257

Clavamox or chloramphenicol or enrofloxacin (Note: should avoid chloramphenicol or enrofloxacin if at all possible if kits are continuing to nurse)

Answer 258

Staphylococcus species

Answer 259

They should not be fostered to another nursing ferret as they can spread mastitis to the other ferret. Must be hand fed.

Answer 260

Exceedingly fatty, pale tan, or yellow liver with no body fat, +/- helicobacter gastritis and ulcers with melena

Answer 261

Pancytopenia, enlarged vulva, purpuric hemorrhages, and melena (In males, add urinary obstruction/prostatomegaly/prostatic cysts)

Answer 262

Eclampsia (pregnancy toxemia) Treatment includes c-section (if possible, although kits won’t survive if less than 40 days’ gestation), IVF with glucose supplementation, and dietary support with a high protein, high caloric diet. Consider labor induction with prostaglandin and oxytocin only if within 24h of due date and only mildly affected.

Answer 263

Foreign body in vagina (usually bedding related - hay, straw, or wood bedding predisposes)

Answer 264

3-4 weeks postpartum

Answer 265

Reduced light intensity 1 month prior to breeding leading to hormonal imbalance, or using immature males <6 months of age

Answer 266

Congenital, or secondary to inflammation/hyperplasia/neoplasia Estrogen/androgen secretion from adrenals is a predisposing factor for both hyperplasia and neoplasia of the prostate and can also cause periprostatic or paraprostatic cysts.

Answer 267

On dorsal urinary bladder and/or proximal urethra Can also affect females, likely due to mesonephric or paramesonephric remnants

Answer 268

Both the cyst and urinary bladder fill with contrast medium, but only the cyst retains the media after the bladder voids. This can look like a “triple bladder” if the cyst is bilobed.

Answer 269

Relieve urethral obstruction, rehydrate, and prescribe treatment for secondary bacterial infections (also GnRH agonists although these are not discussed in the ferret medicine textbook). Afterwards, plan on potential surgery to drain/remove cystic structures and remove diseased adrenal glands.

Answer 270

Hemolytic E. coli

Answer 271

10-15% on two separate studies. In a 17 year case control retrospective analysis of ferrets from MIT, 69% had renal cysts, and 26% had primary polycystic disease.

Answer 272

Seizures, weakness, ataxia, and peritoneal effusion (Both ferrets with this reported condition had seizures, and both were 3 yo)

Answer 273

Polycystic kidney disease (tubular origin) and glomerulocystic kidney disease. Most ferrets in the literature have been diagnosed with glomerulocystic kidney disease.

Answer 274

1) Developmental disorders - this includes dilation of glomeruli/tubules, expansion of interstitial matrix with loss of glomeruli/tubules, or thickening/splitting of glomerular/tubular basement membranes. Closely resembles canine familial nephropathies and polycystic kidney syndrome of New Zealand White rabbits. 2) chronic end stage kidney disease - manifests by pitting of renal capsule, segmental loss of underlying parenchyma, glomerular and tubular fibrosis with dilation and atrophy, protein and waxy tubular cases, and interstitial fibrosis. Cysts associated with CKD rarely exceed 1 mm diameter.

Answer 275

1) secondary (primary cysts don’t have basement membrane thickening or fibrosis, and usually don’t present with azotemia) 2) developmental (chronic cysts are

Answer 276

Lower hematocrit (34%), hypocalcemia (7.8 mg/dL), and hypoalbuminemia (2.2 g/dL) Usually NOT azotemic or hyperphosphatemic

Answer 277

Azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia, and anemia; may also show decreased appetite and weight loss

Answer 278

Accidental ligation of the ureter during a spay surgery

Answer 279

<6mo spayed female ferret with progressive distention of the abdomen and no other clinical signs

Answer 280

Chicken or other poultry; if in a breeding colony, second ingredient should also be meat or fish Reduces risk of bladder stones

Answer 281

Retained placental membranes and endometritis with secondary ascending cystitis (usually caused by staph or E. coli) Surgery to remove the placental membranes. Can also treat with prostaglandin and antibiotics but if ferret continues to strain may cause uterine prolapse.

Answer 282

5-16% incidence

Answer 283

Males (54 males compared to 16 females in a retrospective from Minnesota Urolith Center)

Answer 284

Cysteine stones

Answer 285

A c-section, as otherwise they will dehisce with straining to give birth.

Answer 286

Urinary incontinence and scalding. Diagnosed on excretory urography. Nephroureterectomy with uneventful recovery; phenylpronanolamine to treat suspected urethral dysfunction. Minor incontinence continued 3 months postoperatively.

Answer 287

None other than keeping good breeding records if breeding stock, since this could be a genetic trait.

Answer 288

Feeding bones (carries risks of pathogen introduction and dental trauma/foreign bodies), feeding tartar control treats, and dental prophylaxis

Answer 289

Gram negative rods and anaerobes

Answer 290

Immunosuppressive conditions or treatments, diabetes, feeding wet food or kibble

Answer 291

Phenytoin, due to a drug induced folic acid deficiency (This is a seizure drug)

Answer 292

Surgical excision or marsupialization

Answer 293

Parotid salivary glands (secretions are rich in calcium and glands contain pockets of inefficient secretion); may reduce flow and lead to secondary inflammation/infection

Answer 294

One study found them in 5/7 animals. Often asymptomatic and may be either unilateral or bilateral.

Answer 295

Regurgitation, lethargy, dysphagia, esophagitis, and anorexia (+/- aspiration pneumonia and hepatic lipidosis)

Answer 296

Myasthenia gravis in one case, others were idiopathic

Answer 297

Pyridostigmine bromide 1 mg/kg q8h. Complete remission of clinical signs for 1 month, followed by euthanasia due to declining condition

Answer 298

A diet of rat carcasses containing bones; rubber foreign body

Answer 299

Esophageal stricture postop the initial repair, necessitating esophageal resection and anastomosis (successful recovery noted)

Answer 300

Clostridial perfringens type A Koch’s postulates not confirmed, may be a secondary issue

Answer 301

Rapid dietary change or ad lib consumption of excess food (specifically after prolonged fasting of >24h)

Answer 302

Helicobacter and Campylobacter

Answer 303

Unknown Choledochoduodenostomy and cholecsytotomy with removal of blockage have been reported as successful treatments

Answer 304

Trichobezoar that was partially blocking the ampulla of Vater

Answer 305

Young: rubber and foam Adult: trichobezoar

Answer 306

Potentially rare; single report in sibling ferrets in the same household However, another study in 2022 found 64% of ferrets both with and without hepatobiliary disease displayed a propensity for centrilobular hepatic copper accumulation; uncertain clinical importance (could not confirm copper was the cause of clinical signs). Another study in 2022 found considerable variation in copper content of commercially available ferret diets which may be predisposing.

Answer 307

Helicobacter gastritis and GI lymphoma

Answer 308

Loose/grainy Diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss

Answer 309

Dietary elimination and anti-inflammatory meds (prednisone, azathioprine)

Answer 310

Weight loss, anorexia, and green diarrhea +/- eosinophilia

Answer 311

Fluids, antibiotics, supportive care, and prednisolone 1.5mg/kg once daily for a week, followed by a taper to low dose therapy of 0.8 mg/kg once per day Dietary change does not seem to help (but is poorly understood in ferrets). Treatment with ivermectin resulted in clinical sign remission in one case. In another case, surgical removal of enlarged mesenteric lymph node resulted in remission of EGE.

Answer 312

1/3 (two out of six ferrets) No other reports of cystic urogenital structures in female ferrets

Answer 313

All of them (one did not have a definitive diagnosis of adrenal associated endocrinopathy but it had an adrenal previously removed)

Answer 314

17-38% usually within 3-18 months (average of 11 months)

Answer 315

Exact mechanism unknown but likely regulates GnRH and prolactin secretion from the pituitary

Answer 316

Most resolved within 2 weeks, with hair regrowth by 1 month Duration of effect averaged 3.7 months (range 1.5-8 months) Dose is 100-250ug/kg IM q4-8w

Answer 317

Most clinical signs resolved within 2 weeks, with alopecia resolving by 4-6 weeks. Clinical signs recurred after 17.6 +/- 5 months.

Answer 318

High carbohydrate in diet may sensitize islet cells to produce more insulin over time, leading to neoplastic transformation

Answer 319

1) hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL fasting) 2) concurrent neurologic signs 3) resolution of neurologic signs with glucose administration Must ALSO eliminate severe hepatic disease, sepsis, starvation, and addison’s as cause of signs.

Answer 320

22% (5/23)

Answer 321

Glargine insulin 0.005mL SQ

Answer 322

Pancreatic polypeptidoma (Increases secretion of pancreatic polypeptide) Clinical signs include depression, diarrhea, melena, and weight loss

Answer 323

Oral dihydrotachysterol and calcium carbonate

Answer 324

Common, uncommon

Answer 325

DCM; prognosis is 1+ years post diagnosis, while HCM prognosis is only a few months post diagnosis

Answer 326

Beta blockers (slow heart rate), calcium channel blockers (reduce after load and vasodilator coronary arteries), diuretics and ACE-inhibitors as needed to manage CHF. No need for aspirin or heparin therapy; ferrets do not commonly develop arterial thromboemboli.

Answer 327

Propanetheline, pseudoephedrine, metaproterenol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, aminophylline, and/or theophylline Most minimally effective Best treatment is pacemaker

Answer 328

A positive reaction requires the presence of at least 2 sexually mature female heartworms, and as few as two heartworms can induce fatal CHF.

Answer 329

Neurologic signs

Answer 330

Right lateral VHS= number of vertebral bodies caudal to T5 that are included in the sum of the length and width of the heart (estimated to the nearest 1/4 vertebrae) Normal VHS for ferrets is 3.75-4.0 vertebrae.

Answer 331

No, used to identify cardiomegaly

Answer 332

In right lateral, the short axis measurement of the heart should be ~2.3 rib spaces.

Answer 333

Dehydration - will cause increased diastolic left interventricular septum and free wall thickness exceeding normal limits on echocardiogram

Answer 334

Right lateral

Answer 335

Heart rates of 50-80 bpm need intervention. Heart rates of 100-160 bpm may be compensating adequately and not require medical intervention.

Answer 336

Cuff should be 40% the circumference of the tarsus, carpus, tibia, or base of tail

Answer 337

Underestimate

Answer 338

40% 66% TOC is currently ivermectin + melarsamine (along with worm retrieval if possible)

Answer 339

Up to 81 days before showing clinical signs (hind limb paralysis), and 181 days post challenge prior to death

Answer 340

Nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusion bodies (Negri bodies)

Answer 341

47% 18 weeks later, 70/73 of the ferrets had lenticular opacities.

Answer 342

Pyogranulomatous to suppurative inflammation of the cardiac and skeletal muscle in young adult (11 weeks-4 years) ferrets of either sex. May see white mottling and dilation of the esophagus and white streaks in the heart, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles. May see tongue atrophy.

Answer 343

They are normal - there is comparatively minimal necrosis of muscle bundles.

Answer 344

Cyclophosphamide, prednisolone, and chloramphenicol (may have as long as a 3.5 year survival rate)

Answer 345

Over 93% Depression, tremors, weakness, recumbency, coma Over half also had GI signs In 13/43 cases, clinical signs developed within 4 hrs of ingestion; in 6/43 cases, clinical signs developed in 5-8 hrs of ingestion. Longest period before onset of signs was 48 hrs. Out of 43 cases, 4 ferrets died. The lowest dose associated with death was 220 mg/kg. Treat with misoprostol, Sucralfate, omeprazole, and famotidine and diurese with IVF for 24-36 hrs.

Answer 346

Methemoglobinemia and hepatic damage May need blood transfusion

Answer 347

Primarily the kidneys - kidneys are enlarged, pale, and soft, with small depressions on the capsular surface. Livers are orange, and the stomach has erosions with hemorrhage in the gastric pits

Answer 348

Hemagglutinin (attachment) and fusion proteins

Answer 349

Yes in dogs, not documented in ferrets

Answer 350

Young animals 3-6 months old following loss of maternal antibodies

Answer 351

5-28 days after onset of clinical signs, close to 100% mortality

Answer 352

Anorexia, Pyrexia, photophobia, and serous nasal discharge

Answer 353

Cutaneous, ocular, respiratory, CNS, and GI

Answer 354

IFA of conjunctival, tonsilar, and respiratory epithelium or secretions Alternatively, RT-PCR of conjunctival smears or respiratory secretions

Answer 355

Antibiotics to treat secondary bronchopneumonia, vitamin A at 50,000 IU IM SID x 2 treatments, vitamin C IV SID x 3 treatments, 1 mL IV of hyperimmune serum from a vaccinated ferret, nutritional support, antihistamines or steroids to treat pruritis, vaccination of exposed animals a few hours after exposure (ineffective after 48 hours post exposure), euthanasia if signs progress as they usually do.

Answer 356

Potentially up to 6 years if given after 18 weeks of age

Answer 357

1-5% in the US More likely to occur in older animals that have been repeatedly vaccinated

Answer 358

<18 months old

Answer 359

There are none.

Answer 360

6-60% in the US depending on the study, despite the fact that clinical reports are rare

Answer 361

2-4 years old

Answer 362

Supportive care Cyclophosphamide 10 mg/kg IP, 3x weekly x 13 weeks Or, prednisolone at immunosuppressive doses +/- melatonin implants

Answer 363

C) Aleutian disease virus - it is a parvovirus and is very resistant to disinfectants and environmental degradation. Inactivated by 2% sodium hydroxide for 30 minutes, dilute bleach (1:30) for a 10 min minimum exposure, as well as steam cleaning, boiling, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and chlorine solutions.

Answer 364

Prodromal stage (1-3 days of behavior changes) Excitative stage (3-4 days of “furious”, hypersensitive and attack/bite anything; drooling, hydrophobia, etc. Paralytic stage (dumb rabies - in coordination, paralysis, drooling, difficulty swallowing)

Answer 365

Paralytic stage May show hyperactivity with intermittent lethargy, hypothermia, bladder atony, constipation, inappetence, abnormal/frequent vocalizations, sneezing, ptyalidm, excessive grooming, photophobia, ataxia, tremors, seizures, hind limb weakness, paralysis or spasms of the mandible, and posterior or ascending paralysis. Only 10% show aggressive behavior in experimental infections

Answer 366

90% effective (Contrast with 94% mortality in unvaccinated ferrets)

Answer 367

Abortion and placentitis

Answer 368

Amoxicillin 30mg/kg, metronidazole 20mg/kg, and bismuth subsalicylate 17.5mg/kg PO q8h x 3-4 weeks

Answer 369

Adrenocortical adenomas or carcinomas, adrenocortical spindle cell tumors, pheochromocytomas, and teratomas

Answer 370

Rare, but 3 cases reported No cases of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in ferrets reported

Answer 371

Skin (After endocrine and hemolymphatic)

Answer 372

Basal cell tumors, up to 60% of skin tumors Overwhelmingly benign, surgical excision is curative

Answer 373

Apocrine sweat gland tumor (prepucial gland tumors are in this category) Usually aggressive and malignant (3rd most common After basal cell tumors and mast cell tumors)

Answer 374

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 375

4.5% of total neoplasms in one large retrospective study

Answer 376

Leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas

Answer 377

Metastatic lymphoma Other types are rare, <0.5% of neoplasms in a large retrospective study

Answer 378

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (found in skin and adrenal gland) Verocay bodies are cells whose nuclei palisade in one plane.

Answer 379

No association in any reports of either disease in ferrets

Answer 380

Guarded to poor without pacemaker implantation

Answer 381

N-acetylcysteine

Answer 382

Flutamide, bicalutimide, and finasteride

Answer 383

Type 1 (anaphylaxis)

Answer 384

Pseudomonas luteola

Answer 385

SQ, respiratory, or oral route of infection Does not require immunosuppression to develop infections

Answer 386

SQ swelling (inguinal or cranial cervical), respiratory signs, fever, dehydration, lethargy, anorexia, ptyalism, and head tilt

Answer 387

On FNA of masses, Rod shaped microorganism with a clear to basophilic halo surrounded by pyogranulomatous inflammation

Answer 388

3rd generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones - IV administration!

Answer 389

Grave - only 2/12 have survived confirmed infections

Answer 390

Cranial cervical masses that are surgically removed carry a better prognosis (only case from this location that was treated surgically survived); inguinal masses had one survivor out of a total of 3 cases that were managed surgically.

Answer 391

Only for immunosuppressed humans

Answer 392

Fecal oral route (Not shed in urine)

Answer 393

Humans - causes acute hepatitis and can cause liver failure in pregnant women in their 3rd trimester. Transmitted through contaminated food and water in humans. Ferrets are often asymptomatic but virus can cause liver damage. - can have subclinical infection (22-44%), acute hepatitis (44-67%), or persistent infection (8-11%). Ferrets have not been documented to transmit the virus to people.

Answer 394

subclinical infection (22-44%), acute hepatitis (44-67%), or persistent infection (8-11%).

Answer 395

Increased ALT and hepatomegaly

Answer 396

RNA detection in feces or serum or serology

Answer 397

Secondary pneumonia

Answer 398

E) all of the above H5N1=avian influenza (high path) H3N2=canine influenza H7N2=avian influenza (low path)

Answer 399

PE, dental exam, bloodwork, imaging

Answer 400

Twice a year

Answer 401

Otodectes cynotis

Answer 402

2-4 hours (2 hrs sufficient if an insulinoma is suspected)

Answer 403

3.75-4.07 vertebrae

Answer 404

Semiconscious, tachypneic, cold extremities, bradycardia or erratic heartbeat

Answer 405

IV dobutamine, atropine, and lidocaine

Answer 406

IV neostigmine methylsulfate - if improves for up to 6 hours, positive diagnosis

Answer 407

Pyridostigmine and prednisolone

Answer 408

Rats, mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits

Answer 409

Bone marrow aspirate to assess rbc production

Answer 410

Neoplasia - lymphoma and adrenal carcinoma

Ferrets Flashcards

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