Surgery

Question 1

According to Verwilghen et al 2011, how often can glove perforation occur?

Answer 1

67% of surgeries

Question 2

Is scrubbing of surgeon hands recommended prior to surgery?

Answer 2

No - removes protective mechanisms on skin surface, causes small abrasions on skin, and exposes to more pathogenic bacteria. Alcohol based hand rubs are recommended instead. The WHO notes that alcohol based rubs are superior to antiseptic soaps both in vitro and in vivo, with better skin tolerance, lower environmental impact, and no risk of recontamination from rinsing with contaminated water.

Question 3

What is the recommended antiseptic prep for small mammals per Bennett?

Answer 3

Alcohol, no scrubbing, no other antiseptics OR Chloraprep One Step applied to skin for 30 seconds and left to dry.
(No alternating antiseptic/alcohol prep or iodine based preps)

Question 4

How fast can a rat’s internal body temperature drop under anesthesia?

Answer 4

18 degrees F within 20 min of anesthesia without heat support

Question 5

How much blood does the average CTA hold? 4x4 gauze?

Answer 5

0.1 mL
10+/-2 mL

Question 6

What is the total blood volume of small mammals?

Answer 6

57mL/kg body weight

Question 7

How much blood loss will lead to hypovolemic shock?

Answer 7

15-20% blood volume
20-30% rapid blood volume loss is usually fatal

Question 8

How much blood does an average gerbil, hamster, rat, and guinea pig have to lose to equal 20% blood volume?

Answer 8

Gerbil: 1.2 ml
Hamster: 1.4 ml
Rat: 4ml
Guinea pig: 4.5 ml
(This is a chart in the sx textbook)

Question 9

How long does it take for gelatin sponges to absorb within the body?

Answer 9

4-6 weeks

Question 10

What is a hemostatic taco?

Answer 10

Gelatin sponge wrapped in oxidized regenerated cellulose and soaked in topical thrombin.
(In the sx textbook and has a picture associated)

Question 11

What type of technology is Ligasure? Ethicon Harmonic Scalpel? CO2 laser?

Answer 11

1) bipolar electrosurgery - melts elastin and collagen to create a seal
2) ultrasound activated cutting/coag instrument
3) lightbeam that coagulates or cuts, and seals vessels and nerves

Question 12

What makes Heiss and Alm self-retaining retractors superior to eyelid retractors for small patients?

Answer 12

The tension can be adjusted

Question 13

Why is chromic gut a less desirable suture type?

Answer 13

Causes increased inflammatory responses.

Question 14

What is the downside of polydioxanone (PDS) suture?

Answer 14

Absorbs very slowly (180 days for full absorption) and has the poorest knot security of the synthetic absorbable sutures

Question 15

How fast does poliglecaprone 25 (monocryl) weaken?

Answer 15

Tensile strength drops to 20-30% of initial strength by 2 weeks postop

Question 16

What is Vicryl Rapide (polyglactin 910) designed for?

Answer 16

Rapidly healing tissues where long term support is not required

Question 17

What are the downsides of silk suture?

Answer 17

Significant tissue reactions and predisposes to bacterial infections

Question 18

Which tissues heal the fastest?
A) bladder
B) gastrointestinal tract
C) fascia
D) tendons

Answer 18

A or B
Bladder heals in 14-21 days
Small intestine heals in 10-17 days
Large intestine heals in 30 days
Fascia 20+ days
Tendons 6 weeks-1 year

Question 19

What suture is recommended for colonic surgery in rats?

Answer 19

PDS (polydioxanone)

Question 20

Which suture causes calculi formation in rabbit bladders?

Answer 20

All sutures tested - calculi persists more depending on the longevity of the suture material

Question 21

What are the risks of suture remaining in tissues after healing?

Answer 21

Can form granulomas, calculi, or cancers

Question 22

What are the principles of magnification?

Answer 22

Focal length, depth (stereopsis), working distance, and field of view

Question 23

How much magnification can a standard operating microscope provide?

Answer 23

Up to 40x

Question 24

Name 3 types of atraumatic vascular clamps.

Answer 24

Satinsky, Cooley, Codman, bulldog, debakey

Question 25

Which exotic mammals are prone to elbow luxation and what is the treatment of choice?

Answer 25

Rabbits and ferrets Ideally, closed reduction under heavy sedation followed by splinting the elbow in extension; however, because these species do not have well developed anconeal processes, re-luxation is common and additional stabilization with a transarticular pin or ESF is often necessary. The limb must be splinted in extension after pin placement. The pin can be removed after 2-3 weeks but the splint needs to stay on for 2-3 weeks after that.

Question 26

What is the recommended treatment for radial fractures?

Answer 26

Plating when possible

Question 27

What parts of the pelvis require surgical stabilization if fractured?

Answer 27

Acetabulum, ilium, sacrum, and sacroiliac joint

Question 28

How much blood do the following hold? 1) cta? 2) 2x2 gauze? 3) 4x4 sponge? 4) 4x4 sponge with radioopaque strip? 5) laparotomy sponge?

Answer 28

1) 0.1mL 2) 3-5mL 3) 10mL 4) 10-20mL 5) 100mL

Question 29

Why is a simple continuous suture pattern recommended for small intestinal closure in ferrets?

Answer 29

Decreases luminal diameter by 4% compared to a 54% decrease with 2 layer inverting patterns and a 39% decrease with a one layer inverting pattern