Veterinary Surgery Articles

Question 1

Rats that were implanted SQ with carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate beads had plasma platinum levels that were detectable until what day post treatment?
A) day 14
B) day 28
C) day 38

Answer 1

B) day 28
Only 1.69% of implanted platinum was still in the beads at day 28.

Question 2

In a study of rats implanted with carboplatin beads, what changed in the implanted carboplatin beads by day 28?
A) beads were no longer radiographically visible
B) beads remained radiographically visible but decreased in radiographic density
C) beads did not elute well into tissues and created significant inflammation, impairing wound healing

Answer 2

B) beads remained radiographically visible but decreased in radiographic density
Beads absorbed well and the release of drug from the beads was near complete by day 28.
Beads incited mild inflammation but wound healing was not impaired.

Question 3

What percentage of rabbit cranial cruciate ligaments were completely repaired without any residual postoperative drawer movement following reconstruction of the ligament using a semitendinosus autograft?
A) 34%
B) 66%
C) 84%

Answer 3

B) 66% did not have any drawer movement postop.
34% had minimal postoperative drawer movement that was potentially correlated with meniscal injury and subsequent meniscectomy.

Question 4

A Swiss meta-analysis of primary and secondary surgical outcomes to assess efficacy of skin asepsis protocols in veterinary medicine found what?
A) chlorhexidine was a more effective preoperative antiseptic
B) povidone-iodine was a more effective preoperative antiseptic
C) there was no difference in the incidence of surgical site infections in cases prepped with chlorhexidine vs povidone-iodine

Answer 4

C) there was no difference in the incidence of surgical site infections in cases prepped with chlorhexidine vs povidone-iodine
NOTE: this meta-analysis contradicts other papers stating that chlorhexidine is more effective

Question 5

What was the average surgical time for laparascopic ovariectomy in 3 guinea pigs?
A) 45 minutes
B) 70 minutes
C) 120 minutes

Answer 5

B) 70 minutes (two took 45 minutes, one took 120 minutes)

Question 6

What was the critical positioning feature necessary to visualize and manipulate the ovaries of guinea pigs undergoing laparascopic ovariectomy?
A) animals must be placed in lateral recumbency
B) animals must be placed in ventral recumbency
C) animals must be placed in dorsal recumbency

Answer 6

A) animals must be placed in lateral recumbency

Question 7

What was the average anesthesia length for 3 guinea pigs undergoing laparascopic ovariectomy?
A) 60 minutes
B) 90 minutes
C) 117 minutes

Answer 7

C) 117 minutes (186 minutes, 90 minutes, 76 minutes, respectively)

Question 8

What was the outcome of laparascopic ovariectomy in guinea pigs?
A) unacceptable postoperative complications
B) good recovery from anesthesia and routine incision healing
C) increased intraoperative hemorrhage

Answer 8

B) good recovery from anesthesia and routine incision healing
Minimal to no bleeding was noted during surgery.

Question 9

In a retrospective study of 42 rabbits with naturally occurring otitis media, what percent of patients undergoing lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization resolved or improved after surgery?
A) 28%
B) 31%
C) 59%

Answer 9

C) 59% resolved or improved
NOTE: the conclusion of the paper was that 83% improved or stabilized, which includes the 24% of cases that were unchanged.
Paper stats: 28% resolved, 31% improved, 24% remained unchanged, and 17% worsened

Question 10

In a retrospective study of 42 rabbits with naturally occurring otitis media, what percent of patients undergoing lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization developed postoperative complications?
A) 25%
B) 31%
C) 59%

Answer 10

A) 25%
Most common was wound margin dehiscence that healed by 21 days

Question 11

What was the most common bacterial infections in rabbits with lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization?
A) Pasteurella multocida
B) Bordetella bronchiseptica
C) Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 11

A) Pasteurella multocida (16%)
Bordetella and S. aureus was 14% each

Question 12

What antibiotics were most effective against the infections identified in a retrospective study of rabbits with lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization?
A) penicillin, marbofloxacin, and azithromycin
B) azithromycin, penicillin, and enrofloxacin
C) azithromycin, marbofloxacin, and enrofloxacin

Answer 12

C) azithromycin, marbofloxacin, and enrofloxacin
(Bacteria were resistant to penicillin)

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding outcomes of the right paracostal approach vs the ventral midline approach to caudate liver lobectomy in rabbits?
A) surgical and anesthetic time is prolonged for the right paracostal approach compared to the ventral midline approach
B) mortality was equivalent for both procedures
C) the right paracostal approach resulted in minimal to no manipulation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 13

C) the right paracostal approach resulted in minimal to no manipulation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Mortality was higher for the ventral midline approach.
There was no difference in anesthesia or surgical time between procedures.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the right paracostal approach to caudate liver lobectomy ?
A) faster return to eating postoperatively
B) lower mortality
C) better exposure of all liver lobes

Answer 14

C) better exposure of all liver lobes
This approach should only be used when surgeons are confident that only the caudate liver lobe is torsed and there is no GI pathology to address.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a documented cause of hemoabdomen secondary to splenic disease in two pigs?
A) splenic rupture secondary to splenic vein thrombosis
B) splenic rupture secondary to neoplasia
C) splenic rupture secondary to splenic torsion

Answer 15

B) splenic rupture secondary to neoplasia

Question 16

What was the postoperative lifespan of two pigs surgically treated for hemoabdomen secondary to splenic disease?
A) 2 years
B) 4 years
C) 6 years

Answer 16

B) 4 years
One pig was euthanized due to small intestinal adhesions causing luminal obstructions and the other pig was euthanized due to chronic myeloid leukemia.

Question 17

What surgical approach is recommended for treatment of splenic rupture in a pig?
A) ventral midline
B) right lateral
C) left lateral

Answer 17

A) ventral midline

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a difference in presentation of uterine disease in production sized pigs vs potbellied pigs?
A) the tumor types diagnosed are different, with production sized pigs having a higher incidence of malignant tumors
B) production sized pigs are less likely than potbellied pigs to survive short term
C) production sized pigs and potbellied pigs had comparable rates of long term survival following hospital discharge

Answer 18

A) the tumor types diagnosed are different, with production sized pigs having a higher incidence of malignant tumors
***There was no difference in tumor types between the two groups of pigs.

Question 19

What was the most common uterine tumor type diagnosed in production sized pet pigs?
A) uterine leiomyoma
B) uterine adenocarcinoma
C) uterine leiomyosarcoma

Answer 19

A) uterine leiomyoma (4/11)
Adenocarcinoma was 3/11
Leiomyosarcoma was 2/11
1 each of adenoma and carcinosarcoma

Question 20

What percentage of production sized pet pigs survived to discharge from the hospital following surgical treatment of uterine disease?
A) 46%
B) 66%
C) 82%

Answer 20

A) 46% (6/13)

Question 21

Normal echocardiographic values were evaluated in 22 _______ and _______ guinea pigs
A) conscious, apparently healthy
B) anesthetized, apparently healthy
C) sedated, apparently healthy

Answer 21

A) conscious, apparently healthy

Question 22

Left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole was _____ in male guinea pigs compared to females, while fractional shortening was ______.
A) larger, lower
B) smaller, higher
C) larger, higher

Answer 22

A) larger, lower

Question 23

What is a documented cause of right sided congestive heart failure in a 4 month old pot bellied pig?
A) patent ductus arteriosis
B) dilated cardiomyopathy
C) primary idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Answer 23

C) primary idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
This is a diagnosis of exclusion!

Question 24

What was the systolic pulmonary arterial blood pressure in a 4 month old potbellied pig with primary idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension?
A) 150mmHg
B) 120mmHg
C) 95mmHg

Answer 24

C) 95mmHg

Question 25

Which of the following was not a clinical sign associated with primary idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in a 4 month old potbellied pig? A) respiratory distress B) occasional syncope C) mild grade 1 heart murmur

Answer 25

C) mild grade 1 heart murmur (had a grade 4-5/6 parasternal systolic heart murmur) Other clinical signs included decreased appetite, lethargy, tachypnea, and abdominal distention. Clinical signs of syncope started at 2 weeks of age and patient did well for anesthesia at 9.5 weeks and sedation at 12 weeks

Question 26

What was the post diagnosis lifespan of a Vietnamese pot bellied pig diagnosed with double outlet right ventricle? A) 3 weeks B) 3 months C) 3 years

Answer 26

B) 3 months

Question 27

What were the clinical signs of a Vietnamese pot bellied pig with double outlet right ventricle?

Answer 27

A) intermittent exertional cyanosis B) exercise intolerance C) arterial hypoxia D) grade 5/6 heart murmur

Question 28

What is the blood flow for an animal with double outlet right ventricle?

Answer 28

Right heart, lungs, left heart, VSD, right ventricle, right sided aorta

Question 29

In ferrets presenting with high grade 2nd and 3rd degree AV block, what is an often observed finding on echocardiogram? A) pericardial effusion B) 4 chamber dilation C) structural heart changes are not appreciated

Answer 29

B) 4 chamber dilation

Question 30

What were the primary clinical signs of ferrets with high-grade 2nd degree and 3rd degree heart blocks? A) collapse and weakness B) tachypnea C) anorexia

Answer 30

A) collapse and weakness

Question 31

What was the percentage of intraoperative complications in ferrets receiving pacemakers? A) 10% B) 25% C) 45%

Answer 31

B) 25%, both major complications. One had cardiac arrest after a loose pericardectomy but was recovered with CPR. One was hypoxia throughout surgery and arrested postop - unable to revive.

Question 32

What was the percentage of postoperative complications in ferrets receiving pacemakers? A) 25% B) 37.5% C) 45.5%

Answer 32

B) 37.5% (3/8), all minor Inappropriate sinus beat sensing in 2/8 and occasional muscle fasiculations in 1/8

Question 33

What was the median postoperative survival time for ferrets receiving pacemakers? A) 12 months B) 24 months C) 36 months

Answer 33

B) 24 months Note: 5/8 had neoplasia related comorbidities - 4 insulinoma, 1 thymoma

Question 34

What was the diagnosed cause of the aortic to right atrial fistula in a 1.5 year old neutered male holland lop rabbit? A) ruptured aortic sinus (sinus of Valsalva) B) toxin ingestion with avocado C) thromboembolic disease

Answer 34

A) ruptured aortic sinus (sinus of Valsalva) Considered likely acquired (although cause unknown) since the rabbit has a 2 week onset of heart murmur that was not previously described

Question 35

What was the complication rate of c-sections in swine with dystocia?

Answer 35

25% mortality 38.46% of cases that survived had complications ranging from incisional seroma, lethargy, and anorexia. 23/39 survivors became pregnant and farrowed after the csection. 10 of these animals had complications. C-section considered good prognosis for procedure recovery and guarded to fair prognosis for future breeding in this species.

Question 36

An enteric cyst in a rabbit had what underlying etiology? Contained which bacteria? What was the treatment and outcome?

Answer 36

Presumed congenital based on histopath. E. coli and Bacteroides fragilis. Surgical removal resulted in good recovery and >1 year lifespan postop.