ABVP ARM Study Qs > JAVMA > Flashcards

JAVMA Flashcards

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1
Q

In a retrospective study of rabbits undergoing subconjunctival enucleations with and without third eyelid removal, what was found?
A) the only intraoperative complication was hemorrhage during 3rd eyelid removal
B) postoperative complication of discharge and/or swelling at the surgery site was seen in 40% of cases which resolved spontaneously by 10 months postoperatively
C) both a and b

A

C) both a and b

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2
Q

Coagulation time reference intervals have been assessed/established in ferrets for which point of care analyzers?

A

Idexx Coag DX and MS QuickVet Coag Combo

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3
Q

Do refractometers provide accurate assessment of plasma total protein in ferrets compared to reference methods?

A

No. On average, refractometers overestimated plasma total protein (affected by cholesterol, glucose, BUN, and hemolysis/lipemia)

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4
Q

Do refractometers provide accurate assessment of plasma total protein in rabbits compared to reference methods?

A

No. On average, refractometers overestimated plasma total protein (affected by BUN)

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5
Q

Are reagent test strips for BUN more accurate for assessing presence of azotemia in rabbits or ferrets?
A) rabbits
B) ferrets
C) neither

A

C) neither
Rabbits more likely to have false positives
Ferrets more likely to have false negatives
Gave reasonable estimates but biochem analyzers remain gold standard

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6
Q

What percentage of guinea pigs presenting to a referral exotics center had cardiovascular disease?

A

2.8%

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7
Q

What was the most common clinical sign on physical exam for guinea pigs with cardiovascular disease presenting to a referral exotics center?

A

Heart murmur

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8
Q

What were the most common diagnoses for guinea pigs with cardiovascular disease presenting to a referral exotics center?

A

Cardiomyopathy (restrictive, hypertrophic, or dilated, in that order of frequency), cor pulmonale, and pericardial effusion

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9
Q

What was the median survival time after diagnosis for guinea pigs with cardiovascular disease presenting to a referral exotics center?

A

2.5 months (ranged from 1.1-6.2 months)

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10
Q

Based on a retrospective study of guinea pigs with cardiovascular disease presenting to a referral exotics center, what findings on radiographs warrant an echocardiogram in this species?

A

Cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, and alveolar or interstitial lung pattern

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11
Q

In Ozawa et al, what was the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in rabbits presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital?

A

2.6%

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12
Q

In Ozawa et al, what was the most common cardiovascular disease diagnosed in rabbits on necropsy after presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital?

A

Cardiomyopathy

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13
Q

In Ozawa et al, what was the survival time of rabbits with cardiovascular disease presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital?

A

1 to 2,353 days (median 306 days)

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14
Q

In a study of lidocaine CRIs in rabbits with GI obstructions, what was found?

A

89.7% survived to hospital discharge compared to 56% of rabbits not treated with lidocaine CRI.
Male rabbits also had increased odds of survival compared to female rabbits.

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15
Q

What was a reported effective treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 200 rabbits?

A

Radical surgical excision of all infected teeth, removal of all affected tissue and osteomyelitic bone, and the regular follow up wound management resulted in an average of 29 months disease free time, with an 8% recurrence rate.

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16
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 200 rabbits, were male or female rabbits more likely to develop dental abscesses?

A

Males were significantly more likely to be affected (113 males and 87 females)

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17
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 200 rabbits, what was the average wound healing time for marsupialized abscesses?

A

39.7 days

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18
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 200 rabbits, how many cases developed major complications?

A

18.5% (prolonged healing time due to bone sequestration and/or gingival suture failure)

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19
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 72 rabbits, what was the most effective treatment?

A

Combination of abscess packing with antibiotic soaked gauze in conjunction with systemic antibiotic therapy resulted in resolution of the abscesses in 85% of cases.
The number of packing procedures needed for resolution was 4.

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20
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 72 rabbits, what was the outcome of treatment with systemic antibiotic therapy alone?

A

25% of cases treated with this approach resolved.

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21
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 72 rabbits, which breed was most frequently represented?

A

Lops/mini lops

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22
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 72 rabbits, which anatomic location was most likely to be affected by abscesses?

A

Mandibles
74% had osteomyelitis present

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23
Q

In a retrospective review of treatment of odontogenic abscesses and jaw osteomyelitis in 72 rabbits, what were the most common bacterial organisms identified?

A

Streptococcus species (43%) and Fusobacterium species (45%)

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24
Q

In a retrospective review of CT findings of nasal and paranasal disease in 100 rabbits, what was found?

A
  • rhinitis, sinusitis, and dental disease are closely related
  • ct should used for assessment of upper respiratory signs in rabbits
  • lop eared rabbits were overepresented
  • sinusitis was most common in the ventral and dorsal recesses of the maxillary sinus
  • alveolar bone loss of the maxillary incisor teeth and second premolar teeth were correlated with rhinitis grade and sinusitis grade within the ventral recess of the maxillary sinus
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25
In a retrospective review of CT findings of nasal and paranasal disease in 100 rabbits, what was the most common location of sinusitis?
- sinusitis was most common in the ventral and dorsal recesses of the maxillary sinus
26
In a retrospective review of CT findings of nasal and paranasal disease in 100 rabbits, what was the most common dental abnormalities associated with sinusitis in the ventral recess of the maxillary sinus?
Retrograde growth/abscessation of apical maxillary incisor teeth and CT1/PM2 were correlated with rhinitis and sinusitis grade within the ventral recess of the maxillary sinus
27
In a retrospective review of complications from intraoral extractions and treatment of periapical infections in 51 rabbits, what was found?
- trims alone did not result in significant complications - intraoral extractions resulted in 41% postprocedural complications - surgical treatment of odontogenic abscesses resulted in 25% complications, including sepsis and abscess recurrence - 7/51 patients died or were euthanized secondary to progressive dental disease
28
In a retrospective review of complications from intraoral extractions and treatment of periapical infections in 51 rabbits, which of the following treatments were associated with the highest rate of postprocedural complications? A) coronal reduction B) intraoral extraction C) surgical management of odontogenic abscesses
B) intraoral extraction carries a 41% chance of postprocedural complications Coronal reduction resulted in no significant complications. Surgical treatment of abscesses resulted in 25% of complications.
29
In a retrospective review of CT findings of dental disease in 100 rabbits, what was the most common finding?
Cheek tooth curvature and apical elongation (100% and 99%). Sharp dental points seen in 93%.
30
In a retrospective review of CT findings of dental disease in 100 rabbits, what was the most common grade of dental disease diagnosed? A) grade 2 B) grade 3 C) grade 4
A) grade 2 (60%) Grade 1 was 2%, grade 3 was 14%, grade 4 was 4%, and grade 5 was 20%
31
What is true about tympanic bullae ultrasonography in healthy rabbits? A) ultrasound of the tympanic bullae was easy to learn and could be performed in less than 10 minutes without sedation B) ultrasound of the tympanic bullae was easy to learn and could be performed in less than 10 minutes, but requires sedation to reduce stress. C) ultrasound of the tympanic bullae was challenging to perform and the risk of the procedure was not considered appropriate given the limited diagnostic value.
A) ultrasound of the tympanic bullae was easy to learn and could be performed in less than 10 minutes without sedation
32
In a retrospective study of 19 rabbits with appendicitis, what was the median age of presentation?
24 months
33
In a retrospective study of 19 rabbits with appendicitis, what was the most common season(s) of presentation?
17/19 presented during summer or fall
34
In a retrospective study of 19 rabbits with appendicitis, what clinical signs were associated with the condition?
Decreased appetite, abnormal rectal temperature (either febrile or cold), hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia.
35
In a retrospective study of 19 rabbits with appendicitis, what diagnostic tests were most helpful?
Abdominal ultrasound and CT
36
In a retrospective study of 19 rabbits with appendicitis, what was the survival rate?
Roughly 32% - better outcomes with surgery in this case series. Of the 6 rabbits that received medical treatment, only 1 survived long term. Of the 8 rabbits that underwent appendectomy, 5 survived more than 3 months. The remaining 5 rabbits died or were euthanized before treatment could be instituted.
37
In a rabbit that was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, what were the presenting clinical signs?
Lethargy, dehydration, thin bcs, pain on abdominal palpation, and diarrhea.
38
In a rabbit that was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, how was the disease diagnosed?
Postmortem - biopsy was declined by the client due to financial constraints
39
In a rabbit that was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, what treatments were prescribed that resulted in significant improvement in clinical signs?
Prednisolone 0.5-2.0 mg/kg after no response to meloxicam. Also was initially in enrofloxacin and metronidazole. Diarrhea resolved, patent became more active, and gained weight. Patient developed pneumonia during treatment - unknown if connected to steroid treatment. Treated with TMS successfully. Pred was d/c after about 17 weeks of treatment and rabbit did well for 5 months afterwards before developing a LLT and intussusception and being euthanized.
40
What was the outcome of a rabbit with gastric dilatation and volvulus that also had significant elevations in ALT, ALP, GGT, and bilirubin?
Made a full recovery with surgical correction of the volvulus and gastrotomy. Gastropexy was not performed. Liver enzyme elevations were due to compression from the stomach causing cholestasis and obstruction of the biliary tree.
41
What percentage of guinea pigs with urolithiasis survived to discharge in a JAVMA study of 158 guinea pigs?
54.4%, with a median survival time of 177 days overall in these animals. Females had a better prognosis (median survival time of 1149 days) and were more likely to have distal ureter stones. Males presented younger than females and had a median survival time of 59 days.
42
What risk factors were associated with death in guinea pigs with urolithiasis in a JAVMA study of 158 guinea pigs?
Increased age (>4.1y), males, anorexia, weight loss, and hypothermia on presentation. Surgery was NOT associated with an increased risk of death.
43
What was the recurrence rate of urolithiasis in guinea pigs in a JAVMA study of 158 animals?
13.9%, with an average of 284 days
44
In a retrospective review of 25 guinea pig cystotomy cases, what was found?
Intraoperative complication rate was 24%. Postop complication rate was 76%. Mortality rate of 40% prior to discharge and 56% within the first month postop. Patients with urethral stones had a 6x higher risk of death prior to discharge. Guinea pigs that did not seem painful on presentation were 6x more likely to survive.
45
What allowed diagnosis of a persistent urachal remnant in a 3yo guinea pig female with an 8 week history of dystrophy and vocalizing?
CT (radiographs, ultrasound, and urine culture did not diagnose) Surgical resection of the urachal remnant resulted in resolution of clinical signs for at least 9 months.
46
What clinical signs were associated with myxomatosis in a retrospective study of 11 rabbits?
Bilateral blepharoedema (100%), anogenital edema, rectal temperature >39.7C, and sudden death. All rabbits spent time outdoors.
47
What test was used to diagnose myxomatosis in a retrospective study of 11 rabbits?
PCR of eyelid biopsies
48
What is a potential complication of renal cysts in ferrets?
Neoplastic transformation Report of a renal cyst becoming a renal adenocarcinoma Cysts should be periodically monitored
49
A rabbit presents collapsed and unresponsive and died on presentation. The stomach contained large amounts of metallic light red to brown fragments of wire and white and green plastic parts (picture). Liver as shown at top. What was the diagnosis?
Peracute copper toxicosis with severe hemolysis
50
What percentage of hedgehogs had subclinical WHS in a retrospective study?
31%
51
In hedgehogs with clinical signs of WHS, what was the average age of onset?
3.3y +/- 1.5y
52
In hedgehogs with clinical signs of WHS, what was the median time from onset of signs to euthanasia?
51 days (1-319 days)
53
In hedgehogs with clinical signs of WHS, what were the most common clinical signs reported?
Ataxia and pelvic limb paresis
54
In hedgehogs with clinical signs of WHS, what percentage also had neoplasia outside the CNS diagnosed?
63%
55
What treatment has been described for treatment of a mandibular fracture in a guinea pig?
Chin sling to immobilize the jaw and a nasogastric tube for nutritional support. 3 weeks later, had callus formation. 10 months later, had fully recovered.
56
What was the reported survival of rabbits with small intestinal obstruction that were treated surgically?
75.2% 95.7% of rabbits <25 months old survived. Rabbits >72 months old had a worse prognosis.
57
What was the most common cause of small intestinal obstruction in rabbits that were treated surgically?
Compressed hair pellet. Extraluminal digital manipulation into the cecum was a successful surgical technique in most presentations.
58
A single dose of buprenorphine 0.01 mg/kg provided effective analgesia in hedgehogs for ____ hrs. Doses of 0.03 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg provided analgesia for ____ hrs.
36 hours 48 hours
59
What impact did buprenorphine at 0.03-0.05mg/kg have on hedgehog locomotor activity?
Increased locomotor activity No impact on food intake or body weight
60
What is a risk of intubation in pigs?
Laryngeal or tracheal tear due to long pharyngeal diverticulum.
61
Was ketamine 30 mg/kg+ midazolam 1mg/kg or alfaxan 3 mg/kg+midazolam1mg/kg safer or more effective in hedgehogs?
Neither. Both were effective and safe.
62
What successful treatment is described for management of sarcoma of the proximal portion of the femur in a rabbit?
Hemipelvectomy. Patient survived 21 months after surgery and died of a non-cancer-related disease.
63
In hedgehogs undergoing neurologic exam, all lacked which response?
Menace response Had a contraction of the frontodorsalis muscle instead.
64
What surgical approach was successful in all cryptorchid surgeries of domestic pigs?
Paramedian Minor complications reported in 9% of cases.
65
What ecg abnormality was reported in a 6 week old Netherland dwarf rabbit?
Paroxysmal advanced 2nd degree AV block progressing to ventricular asystole Resolved on its own following a tapered course of oral Albuterol.
66
67
What are reported risk factors for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in rabbits?
systemic inflammation from dacryocystitis and pododermatitis
68
How can acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome be distinguished from each other?
On basis of severity of inefficient gas exchange as measured with the ratio of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen relative to the fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO2:FIO2 <200 for ARDS and between 200 and 300 for ALI. If arterial blood gas measurement is unavailable, can use SPO2:FIO2 ratio; ratio <235 indicates ARDS and ratio between 235 and 315 indicates ALI.
69
What complication is common in ARDS patients?
Pneumothorax, particularly if mechanical ventilation is required.
70
What fruit may have been implicated in a listeria outbreak in sugar gliders?
Cantaloupe (known source of listeria in a past human outbreak)
71
By what age is ovariohysterectomy recommended in rabbits based on a retrospective review of 1,928 pet rabbits?
By age 2 years
72
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) originate from what tissues and can be induced to become what cells?
bone marrow, fat, or umbilical cord, and can be induced to become osteocytes, adipocytes, or chondrocytes under certain conditions (multipotent, not pluripotent) Different from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells
73
True or false: both allogenic (same spp) and xenogenic (different spp) mesenchymal stem cells appear to be effective/safe
True VERY SAFE! Only adverse reaction noted in two meta-analyses evaluating safety of IV MSCs in humans was a transient fever in a small percentage of patients If cells are being administered IV to a small animal (<10kg), the cells initially go to the lungs and can cause an embolic event. The addition of heparin at 400 IU/kg to the MSCs before infusion dramatically decreases the risk of thrombosis and it is recommended to administer cells by slow infusion (over 20 to 30 minutes) to animals weighing less than 10 kg.
74
What are mesenchymal stem cells being used to treat in clinical trials?
Clinical trials show promise in treating a wide variety of inflammatory, autoimmune, infectious, and neurodegenerative conditions.
75
What neoplasm of the respiratory tract are degus prone to developing and what is the prognosis?
Benign mesenchymal intranasal tumors (either fibromas or osteomas) 6/20 patients died after excisional biopsy, 6/20 survived for 3 months, and 7/20 survived for 1 year; 1/20 lost to follow up.
76
What unique presentation of thymoma has been reported in a degu?
Mass in ventral cervical area diagnosed as a thymoma; also had a myxosarcoma of the right thoracic wall with metastasis to the lung. Only report of this presentation in a rodent.
77
What is the most common type of lymphoma diagnosed in rabbits?
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma followed by epitheliotropic t cell lymphoma
78
How do rabbits respond to chemotherapy for lymphoma?
Lots of protocols reported; diffuse B cell lymphoma (the most common type) responded most favorably to treatment. Median survival of 60 days (1-480 days).
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